Emmo, Count Of Hesbaye
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Count Emmo, Immo or Immon, was the name of at least one important
Lotharingia Lotharingia was a historical region and an early medieval polity that existed during the late Carolingian and early Ottonian era, from the middle of the 9th to the middle of the 10th century. It was established in 855 by the Treaty of Prüm, a ...
n nobleman in the 10th century, described by medieval annalists as a cunning strategist. Various life events of a nobleman of this name were recorded, although historians differ about exactly which records refer to the same person or people. The first record claimed for him shows him as a young noble granting land to a new vassal in the
Condroz The Condroz () is a natural region in Wallonia, the French-speaking part of Belgium, located between the Ardennes and the Meuse. Its unofficial capital is Ciney. The region preserves the name of the Condrusi, a Germanic tribe which inhabited ...
region in 934, a member of the entourage of Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia. During the revolt of Gilbert which ended at the
Battle of Andernach The Battle of Andernach, between the followers and the opponents of King Otto I of Germany, took place on 2 October 939 in Andernach on the Rhine river and ended with a decisive defeat of the rebels and the death of their leaders. Duke Eberhard ...
in 939, he switched sides. After the revolt he was personally associated with the fort at Chèvremont, near Liège. It becomes difficult later in Immo's life to be sure that all records mentioning a count of this name are referring to the same person.


Condroz 934

Kurth (1898) and Dierkens (1988) claimed that the first record of "Comte Immon" is in 934, where he appears in Waha, in
Marche-en-Famenne Marche-en-Famenne (; ; literally "Marche in Famenne") is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. The municipality consists of the following districts: Aye, Hargimont, Humain, Marche-en-Famenne, ...
as the brother of a Wibert, and relative of a Frederic. This document concerned property in the Condroz, according to Kurth in Ave-et-Auffe (fr) now in
Rochefort, Belgium Rochefort (; ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium, close to the Ardennes. On 1 January 2006, Rochefort had a total population of 12,038. The total area is 165.27 km² which gives a population de ...
. That the charter, kept by the Abbey in Stavelot, was important is, says Kurth, proven by the fact that Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia himself and his entourage signed it, implying that Immo himself was part of this entourage. Kurth believed that this Immo was local to the region (now southern Belgium). Nemery believed (p. 147 fn) that this Immo might be too early to account for all the later records of Count Immo connected to it by Kurth, but he felt it could be a relative.


"Crafty" Count Immo of the Lotharingian rebellion of 939

During the
Lotharingia Lotharingia was a historical region and an early medieval polity that existed during the late Carolingian and early Ottonian era, from the middle of the 9th to the middle of the 10th century. It was established in 855 by the Treaty of Prüm, a ...
n rebellion of Duke Gilbert, which ended with the
Battle of Andernach The Battle of Andernach, between the followers and the opponents of King Otto I of Germany, took place on 2 October 939 in Andernach on the Rhine river and ended with a decisive defeat of the rebels and the death of their leaders. Duke Eberhard ...
in 939,
Widukind of Corvey Widukind of Corvey (c. 925after 973; , in italian ''Vitichindo Sacco di Corvey'', in Latin VVITICHINDI SAXO) was a medieval Saxon chronicler. His three-volume '' Res gestae Saxonicae sive annalium libri tres'' is an important chronicle of 10th-cen ...
describes Count Immo as "acute and exceptionally sly" (Latin "''versutum et callidum nimis''"), and
Emperor Otto Emperor Otto may refer to: *Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (962-973) *Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor (967-983) *Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (983-1002) *Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1198–1215) See also *Otto von Habsburg, former pretender to the throne ...
, who knew he was an important counselor to Gilbert, “decided it was better to use this man’s cunning rather than fight with arms”. Immo chose the stronger side, and Gilbert "took this badly" because Immo had been someone who had supported him and been loyal. Immo captured a fort, and then under siege captured an entire herd of the duke's pigs using a piglet, infuriating the duke and causing a mobilization against Immo. Immo then had a large number of beehives thrown at the duke's mounted men, causing the horses to be stung. The duke broke off the siege. Gilbert is reputed to have said “When Immo was with me, I was able to maintain the loyalty of all of the Lotharingians easily. Now, even with all of the Lotharingians, I am not able to capture him, while he stands alone.” Widukind himself expressed uncertainty about a story that Immo later took up arms against king Otto, but "surrounded by an army" and "in the middle of the winter", he surrendered and became "faithful and useful" (''fidelis et utilis'', used to denote the behavior of those who Otto defeated and then forgave). One of the questions historians have is when this winter siege could have occurred. Jongbloed (2009 pp. 19–20) proposes that this rebellion must be one known from the winter of 953/4. (See below.) Thirdly, Widukind reported that after the
Battle of Andernach The Battle of Andernach, between the followers and the opponents of King Otto I of Germany, took place on 2 October 939 in Andernach on the Rhine river and ended with a decisive defeat of the rebels and the death of their leaders. Duke Eberhard ...
, where Duke Gilbert died, two Lotharingian nobles named Ansfrid and Arnold, held the fortification of Chèvremont near
Liège Liège ( ; ; ; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the Liège Province, province of Liège, Belgium. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east o ...
. They were talked down by Count Immo who suggested they could still be allies against the king, and offered Ansfrid his only daughter's hand. He captured them when they came to meet, and sent them to the king, suggesting that Ansfrid would need the hardest torments during questioning. In this passage, Immo is described as having been brought up by Duke Gilbert, and always with him as a friend before the rebellion. As Dierkens has pointed out, this description matches the Immo of 934 in Waha, who seemed to be in the entourage of the Duke. Dierkens also believes that after the taking of Chèvremont, he possibly became the keeper of the fort for some decades (see below.)


Activity during the 944 discontent (Count Immo)

In 944,
Regino of Prüm Regino of Prüm or of Prum (, ; died 915 AD) was a Benedictine Order, Benedictine monk, who served as abbot of Prüm Abbey, Prüm (892–99) and later of St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier, Saint Martin's at Trier, and chronicler, whose ''Chronicon'' is ...
reports (944 MGH p. 162) that during a period of apparent unrest caused by the dead Duke Gilbert's Regnarid family, there was a complaint to the king from the
chapter Chapter or Chapters may refer to: Books * Chapter (books), a main division of a piece of writing or document * Chapter book, a story book intended for intermediate readers, generally age 7–10 * Chapters (bookstore), Canadian big box bookstore ...
of
Saint Servatius Saint Servatius (; ; ; died 13 May 384) was bishop of Tongeren (Latin: ''Atuatuca Tungrorum'', the capital of the Tungri). Servatius is patron saint of the city of Maastricht and the towns of Schijndel and Grimbergen. He is one of the Ice Saint ...
in
Maastricht Maastricht ( , , ; ; ; ) is a city and a Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the capital city, capital and largest city of the province of Limburg (Netherlands), Limburg. Maastricht is loca ...
against a count Immo. He had been impeding the sending of the Saint's relics to
Duisburg Duisburg (; , ) is a city in the Ruhr metropolitan area of the western States of Germany, German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Lying on the confluence of the Rhine (Lower Rhine) and the Ruhr (river), Ruhr rivers in the center of the Rhine-Ruh ...
, where the king would hold court. These relics had been held by Maastricht for the lifetime of Duke Gilbert (d.939), and were therefore due to return to the possession of
Trier Trier ( , ; ), formerly and traditionally known in English as Trèves ( , ) and Triers (see also Names of Trier in different languages, names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle (river), Moselle in Germany. It lies in a v ...
. Historians see a possible connection with a grant made by the king to a faithful Rabangar, probably the owner of Ravengiersburg (de), near
Koblenz Koblenz ( , , ; Moselle Franconian language, Moselle Franconian: ''Kowelenz'') is a German city on the banks of the Rhine (Middle Rhine) and the Moselle, a multinational tributary. Koblenz was established as a Roman Empire, Roman military p ...
. This grant was made on the recommendation of Count Immo.


Possible connection to the castle of Logne

The ''Vita Brunonis altera'' describes how at a meeting of Lotharingian magnates in
Aachen Aachen is the List of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia by population, 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants. Aachen is locat ...
after Bruno became Duke in 953, an Emmo was enraged by the complaints of Abbot Odilo of Stavelot, and proceeded to take control of Stavelot possessions. Bruno eventually put him prison and made him promise not to repeat his actions, before being released. The ''Vita'' describes him as taking pledges of faith and it also describes him as a relative (''propinquus'') of either Bishop Balderic I of Liège (d.959), or Duke Bruno himself, who was a member of the royal family. One of the possessions which was taken back into the possession of Stavelot at this time was the ''castrum'' of Logne, in the Ardennes, and this has led to suggestions that this particular Immo is the soldier, not described as a count, (''Emmo de Longia, qui erat miles Hugonis ducis'') who fell fighting under
Hugh Capet Hugh Capet (; ; 941 – 24 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996. He is the founder of and first king from the House of Capet. The son of the powerful duke Hugh the Great and his wife Hedwige of Saxony, he was elected as t ...
in 976 in Hainaut. Note that as this man died fighting in 976, he was unlikely to have been the noble who first appears in a 934 record.


Rebellion of 959-960 (Immo)

11 June 958, there are signs of a connection between Immo and Namur, and of tension once more increasing with the central royal power. A charter of King Otto orders his brother Bruno and Count Godfrey that they should give
Chastre Chastre (; , ) is a French-speaking municipality in Belgium that is located in Wallonia, in the province of Walloon Brabant. Its name comes from the Gallo-Roman word ''castra'' "fortress, fortified camp", Jean-Jacques Jespers, ''Dictionnaire des ...
(near Namur), which Immo once had, to Tietbold their follower. This is described as being in the Darnegau (fr), in the county of Count Robert (of Namur).
Flodoard Flodoard of Reims (; 893/4 – 28 March 966) was a Frankish chronicler and priest of the cathedral church of Reims in the West Frankish kingdom during the decades following the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire. His historical writings are ...
reported that in 959 Count Robert I of Namur and his ally named Immo, who was a counselor of Bruno, each fortified a stronghold, Robert at
Namur Namur (; ; ) is a city and municipality in Wallonia, Belgium. It is the capital both of the province of Namur and of Wallonia, hosting the Parliament of Wallonia, the Government of Wallonia and its administration. Namur stands at the confl ...
, and Immo at Chevremont - the same fortification where "crafty" Count Immo, probably the same man, had talked down Duke Gilbert's nephews years earlier. Because the fortification was well-prepared and foraging was difficult in the countryside around it, Bruno had to withdraw from a siege there.


After 960

In a charter dated 20 Apr 963 in Liège, Robert count of Namur (no longer in rebellion) signed first, and after him (according to the interpretation of Jongbloed) counts Giselbert (of the Ardennengau), Folcwin (of Huy), Emmo and Herman. This appears to be a collection of some of the most important counts from the Liège region. 17 January 966, a royal charter states that a certain Rudolf's property at Gelmen (today divided between St Truiden and
Heers Heers (, ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg. History Merger municipality The municipality of Heers was formed by several mergers. In 1971: * Heers was merged with Batsheers, Opheers, Veulen, Gutschoven and Me ...
, but then in the county of a Count Werner in the ''pagus'' of
Hesbaye The Hesbaye ( French, ), or Haspengouw ( Dutch and Limburgish, ), is a traditional cultural and geophysical region in eastern Belgium. It is a loamy plateau region which forms a watershed between the Meuse and Scheldt drainage basins. It has b ...
) had been confiscated because of his infidelity, and was now in hands of the Collegiate church of Maria in
Aachen Aachen is the List of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia by population, 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants. Aachen is locat ...
. Instead, "our faithful Count Immo" would receive it and in exchange gave a large number of possessions scattered between various counties: *In the country (''pagus'') of Liugas east of Liège, in the county of Count Richar (''in pago Liuhgouui in comitatu Richarii''), ''Furon, Curcella'', *In the country of the Moilla gau (de) in the county of Count Eremfried (''in pago Mulehkeuue in comitatu Eremfredi'') ''Herklenze, Hostrich, Berge, Ricolferod, Wazzerlar'', *In the Auelgau (de) in the county of Eberhard (''in pago Auvlgowi in comitatu Eberhardi'') ''Limberge, Rameresdorf, Dullendorf, Breitenbach, Zeizendorp''. Various historians believe that the faithful count Immo here is "crafty" Count Immo (without agreeing on his origins). In 968 Baerten believes it is the same count Immo again who appears in an important charter concerning the
allod Allod, deriving from Frankish language, Frankish ''alōd'' meaning "full ownership" (from ''al'' "full, whole" and ''ōd'' "property, possession"; Medieval Latin ''allod'' or ''allodium''), also known as allodial land or proprietary property, was ...
ial lands of the Regnarids near
Meerssen Meerssen (; ) is a town and a municipality in southeastern Netherlands. History The Treaty of Meerssen was signed in Meerssen in 870. The Treaty of Meerssen was an agreement of the division of the Carolingian Empire by the surviving sons of Lou ...
, granted by the widow of the late Duke Gilbert (d. 939) to the Abbey of Saint-Remi. Count Emmon appears here as ''advocatus'' (Dierkens says ''advocatus'' of St Remy) and another important witness appears to be the man crafty count Immo tricked off the Chèvremont, Ansfried the elder. Vanderkindere speculated that Count Immo in his later years, after the death of Werner in 973, might have taken over a county in the Hesbaye area near his possession of Gelmen. He proposed that this would explain why one of the first count of Loon, several generations later, was also known as Emmo or Immo.


Other possible records


981 muster

In 981 "Herman or Ammo" had to supply 60 armored riders to the Liège bishop for the up-coming Italian campaign. If this is read as describing two people, rather than a name and a nickname for example, then it implies that these two men were responsible for mustering soldiers in the Liège region. Dierkens believes these two men had responsibility to actually bring the forces to the King, but does not believe that this would be crafty Immo. As he and other historians note though, the same two names appear among the witnesses in the 963 Liège charter.


The related name Irimfrid

The name Emmo or Immo was at least originally a short-form of longer names such as Irmenfried or Irimfrid, which also had short forms such as Immed and Ezzo in some families. There were one or more
count Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
s named Ehrenfried in the Hesbaye region and the Liège region, both in what is now eastern
Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...
, near the
Meuse The Meuse or Maas is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea from the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. It has a total length of . History From 1301, the upper ...
river. Trying to identify the connections of this person (or persons) has therefore also been important in discussions about the origins of the 11th century
County of Loon The County of Loon ( , ) was a county in the Holy Roman Empire, which corresponded approximately with the modern Belgian province of Limburg. It was named after the original seat of its count, Loon, which is today called Borgloon. During the mid ...
and
County of Duras The County of Duras was a 12th-century county in the Holy Roman Empire, with its seat at the castle of Duras, in an area where the Prince bishops of Liège contested for power with the counts of Leuven. The 18th century version of this castle sti ...
. Although a more local explanation has also been proposed, for example by
Godefroid Kurth Godefroid Kurth (1847–1916) was a Belgian historian and pioneering Christian democrat. He is known for his histories of the city of Liège in the Middle Ages and of Belgium, his Catholic account of the formation of modern Europe in ''Les Origin ...
, some or even most of the records proposed for this person are proposed by other historians to be either Yrimfrid, son of Ricfrid, whose family is associated with what is now the
Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
, to the north, or " Erenfried II" (as he is known in some modern scholarship), apparent father of Hermann ''Pusillus'' of the " Ezzonid" family in what is now
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
, to the east. However, records for these two counts from their proposed
Rhine The Rhine ( ) is one of the List of rivers of Europe, major rivers in Europe. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein border, then part of the Austria–Swit ...
homelands are in fact very poor, so there is disagreement about how to distinguish them, and this can only be considered based on other information about probable connections of other members of the two families to those places. In fact, it has also historically been proposed, for example by
Léon Vanderkindere Léon Vanderkindere (22 February 1842 – 9 November 1906) was a Belgian historian, academic and politician. Family Vanderkindere was born in Molenbeek-Saint-Jean into a wealthy middle-class family. His father, Albert Vanderkindere, was a po ...
(1902), that these two are the same person, and even now the ancestry of the Ezzonid Erenfried II remains uncertain, whereas in the case of the son of Ricfried, nothing is certain except his parentage and siblings. Alternatively, Vanderkindere, writing around 1900, and Baerten, in the 1960s, distinguished two counts, one who used the short name-forms such as Emmo or Immo and the other who used long forms such as Ehremfried. More recently,
Donald C. Jackman Donald Charles Jackman (born London, 15 January 1954, died State College, 14 January 2023) was an American medievalist and linguist of Australian background. Donald C. Jackman received his Ph.D. in 1987 from Columbia University with the dissertati ...
(2010, p. 60) has proposed distinguishing those who are recorded with "I" or "Y" spellings such as "Yrimfrid" and "Immo", which he considers to be typical of the northern family of Ricfried, from those with "E" spellings. While Ricfried's brother and father are associated with Betuwe ( Batavia) and
Cleves Kleve (; traditional ; ; ; ; ; Low Rhenish: ''Kleff'') is a town in the Lower Rhine region of northwestern Germany near the Dutch border and the River Rhine. From the 11th century onwards, Cleves was capital of a county and later a duchy ...
(in this period, the Duffelgau (de)), the Ezzonids are considered to come from the region around
Bonn Bonn () is a federal city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the banks of the Rhine. With a population exceeding 300,000, it lies about south-southeast of Cologne, in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region. This ...
in this period, and Ehrenfried the father of Hermann is associated with records in the Zülpichgau (de) (942), in the Bonngau (de) (945), in Hubbelrath (de) in the Keldach or Gellep gau (de) (950). This means the areas associated with them are two ends of one continuous stretch of the Rhine river, where it comes near the Meuse. Between them, the following records are the subject of disagreement, being between the proposed homelands of the two families: *4 May 947 there is a royal charter concerning villa Mündelheim (de) in the ''pagus'' of the Hatteri (Hettergau) in the county of Erenfrid. *In 948 there is a record of villa called Rindern in the pagus of Duffelgau (Tubalgowe), in the county of count Irinvrid. For historians such as Jongbloed who accept that "Crafty" count Immo was the same as the ''advocatus'' count Ehremfried, the rebellion in 959/60 is the last relatively sure sighting in the records. More records are proposed to be relevant, but there are differing opinions about whether these are the same person. But Count Robert, involved in that rebellion, managed to maintain his position in Namur, and appears soon with a count Emmo. On the other hand, in Gembloux there are signs of an Ehremfried related to the Abbot and the ''advocatus'', who leads Aarts (1994 fn.103) to propose that the Ehremfried in the Hesbaye of this period might be distinct from both the son of Ricfrid or the father of Hermann: 11 April 961, an Ermenfried swapped a villa ''Steria monticula'' (Stier in
Donceel Donceel (; ) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. On January 1, 2006, Donceel had a total population of 2,828. The total area is 23.31 km2 which gives a population density of 121 inhabitants per km2. Th ...
) in Hesbaye for a church at ''Agioniscurta'' ( Incourt) owned by the Abbey of Gembloux. He is described as a relative (''compater'') of the Abbot of Gembloux Erluin who was a party to the exchange. He is not called a count. He had a wife Reinsede. Possibly the same Eremfried appears a few lines later in 964, where the ''advocatus'' of Gembloux, Goderan, is described as having a son Erenfried with his wife Adelinde (again, not called a count). It is not clear if this man is connected to the count who starts appearing in subsequent records. In 967 in a grant involving lands which are walking distance from Gelmen, Eremfridus, Herman, Reynerus and Rodulfus appear as first witnesses in a grant by Bertha, the mother of a Count Arnulf, of land in Brustem (today in St Truiden) to the Abbey of St Truiden. Again the name Herman appears. Jongbloed believes that this must be the same Eremfried as in 963. In a charter made in Capua, 26 July 982, "on the day that we fight the Saracens" Otto II certified that if a certain "Cunradus, son of the late count Rudolf" died, he wanted his possessions in Lotharingia to go to
Gorze Abbey Gorze Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in Gorze in the present arrondissement of Metz, near Metz in Lorraine. It was prominent as the source of a monastic reform movement in the 930s. History Gorze Abbey was founded in around 757 by Bishop Ch ...
, and these included "''curtis
Velm Velm (, ) is one of the '' ancienne communes'' in the municipality of Sint-Truiden, Limburg province, Belgium. Velm is bounded in the east by the N80 motorway, leading to Namur, and in the west by the railroad from Sint-Truiden to Landen. H ...
in pago Haspongowe et in comitate Eremfridi comitis''". Velm is walking distance from Gelmen and Brustem. In the Battle of Cotrone itself (13 July 982, so it had already happened) it seems that both this Conrad, and this count Eremfried, lost their lives. Velm, now part of St Truiden, did come under Gorze Abbey, and a Count Irimfrid was recorded as dying. However, this Conrad's possessions were widespread, and on the basis of those Vanderkindere (1902 pp. 340–1) believes his father was Rodolphe Count of Ivois. Of this Count however, Vanderkindere (p. 342) says that given his connection to Velm it is "not without some likelihood" that he is a member of the Regnarid family, where the name Rodolphe was familiar. According to Aarts (1994 fn.103) Ulrich Nonn believes the count Eremfrid in Haspengouw here is the same as the one who had been ''advocatus'' of Stavelot. Gorze Abbey was associated with the Abbeys of both Gembloux and St Truiden.


''Advocatus'' of Stavelot Abbey

The "''advocatus''" of Stavelot in this period is possibly a separate person, but it is difficult to disentangle all records. He was generally referred to as Eremfried, and is only referred to as a count in later records. Until the rebellion of Duke Gilbert he had been
lay abbot Lay abbot (, ) is a name used to designate a layman on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an abbey as a reward for services rendered; he had charge of the estate belonging to it, and was entitled to part of the income. The custom existed ...
of Stavelot, but from 938, the Abbey had an Abbot, and the King himself became the advocatus, with a "''subadvocatus''" who ran the position under him. In 943 there are two records with an Odilard in this position, with an Eremfried as witness, and then in the same year, Eremfried is in this position, 947, 953 twice, 956 and 959.Jongbloed (2009, p.18) He was not described as a count. In 953, Eremfried signed twice in August, the second time being a confirmation by his superior as ''advocatus'', Duke
Conrad the Red Conrad ( – 10 August 955), called the Red (), was Duke of Lorraine from 944 until 953. He became the progenitor of the Imperial Salian dynasty. Life He was the son of Werner V (died about 935), a Franconian count in the Nahegau, Speyergau, an ...
. Conrad was however in the midst of being pushed out of his position as Duke, and replaced by
Bruno the great Bruno the Great (May 925 – 11 October 965) was the archbishop of Cologne''Religious Drama and Ecclesiastical Reform in the Tenth Century'', James H. Forse, ''Early Theatre'', Vol. 5, No. 2 (2002), 48. from 953 until his death and the duke of ...
. Jongbloed believes this shows that Eremfried was taking a rebellious position with Conrad, and can be equated to a rebel named Emmo mentioned in the ''Vita Brunonis altera'' in September 953, one month later. (Jongbloed therefore believes this is the winter rebellion Widukind was uncertain about.) The record of May 959 describes Eremfried as "''advocatus'' and count", and can be read together with another record of Stavelot in April 958 or 959. According to the interpretation of Jongbloed, these describe Eremfried as a count (or future count) in
Condroz The Condroz () is a natural region in Wallonia, the French-speaking part of Belgium, located between the Ardennes and the Meuse. Its unofficial capital is Ciney. The region preserves the name of the Condrusi, a Germanic tribe which inhabited ...
, but not in the part of Condroz which was in the
County of Huy The County of Huy (Latin ''comitatus Hoiensis'') was a comital jurisdiction of Lotharingia during the early Middle Ages, centred on the town of Huy and its citadel overlooking the Meuse. The county probably originated in the late ninth century ...
. Other interpreters see him as being described as a Count (or future count) of
Huy Huy ( ; ; ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. Huy lies along the river Meuse, at the mouth of the small river Hoyoux. It is in the '' sillon industriel'', the former industrial backbone of Wall ...
. He apparently held Atrin (fr) in
Clavier, Liège Clavier (; ) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.Santoro, Nicholas J. Mary in Our Life: Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and Their Place in Marian Devotion'. United Kingdom, iUn ...
, on the boundary with Huy.


Notes


Sources

*Aarts, Bas (1994) "Ansfried, graaf en bisschop. Een stand van zaken", in: J. Coolen en J. Forschelen (ed.), ''Opera Omnia II. Een verzameling geschied- en heemkundige opstellen'', 7-85 *Aarts, Bas (2009) "Montferland' en de consequenties. De vroege burchten bij Alpertus van Metz", H.L. Janssen en W. Landewé (ed.), ''Middeleeuwse Kastelen in veelvoud. Nieuwe Studies over oud erfgoed'' (Wetenschappelijke Reeks Nederlandse Kastelenstichting 2) pp. 13–59
link
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *{{citation, last=van Winter, year=1981, title= Ansfried en Dirk, twee namen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis van de 10e en 11e eeuw, url= http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_naa002198101_01/_naa002198101_01_0004.php *Verdonk, Henk (2012) ''Alzey-Zutphen. Een onderzoek naar het rijksleen te Alzey van de graven van Zutphen''.


Primary sources

*''Annales necrologici Fuldenses'' MGH SS folio XII

*''Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Trond'' Piot edition
Volume 1
*''Vita Brunonis Altera'' can be found in MGH SS folio IV
p.275
ff *
Flodoard Flodoard of Reims (; 893/4 – 28 March 966) was a Frankish chronicler and priest of the cathedral church of Reims in the West Frankish kingdom during the decades following the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire. His historical writings are ...
, ''Annales'', can be found in MGM SS folio III
pp.363
ff. Se

*''Gesta Abbatum Gemblacensium'' MGH SS folio VII

*''Indiculus loricatorum'

MGH Const I 436 *Miraeus (1734) 2nd ed. (Foppens ed.) ''Opera Diplomatica et Historica'' Vol III *Camps ed. Oorkonden van Noord-Brabant 690-131
p.31
ff *
Regino of Prüm Regino of Prüm or of Prum (, ; died 915 AD) was a Benedictine Order, Benedictine monk, who served as abbot of Prüm Abbey, Prüm (892–99) and later of St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier, Saint Martin's at Trier, and chronicler, whose ''Chronicon'' is ...
, ''Chronicon'', can be found in MGH SS rer. Germ
L
*''Revue Mabillon'' V
p.267
*Sloet ed. (1872), ''Oorkondenboek der graafschappen Gelre en Zutphen tot op den slag van Woeringen, 5 juni 1288'', Bd.

*
Widukind of Corvey Widukind of Corvey (c. 925after 973; , in italian ''Vitichindo Sacco di Corvey'', in Latin VVITICHINDI SAXO) was a medieval Saxon chronicler. His three-volume '' Res gestae Saxonicae sive annalium libri tres'' is an important chronicle of 10th-cen ...
, ''Res gestae saxonicae sive annalium'' can be found in MGH SS rer. Germ
LX
*Halkin, J., and C.G. Roland eds, (1909) ''Recueil des chartes de l'Abbaye de Stavelot-Malmédy''. *Wampach, Camille, ed. (1935) ''Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit'', Vol.1. Counts of Hesbaye 10th-century Lotharingian people 10th-century counts in Europe