Electromagnetic vortex intensifier with ferromagnetic particles (vortex layer device, electromagnetic mill) consists of an operating chamber (pipeline) with a diameter of 60–330 mm, located inside an inductor with a rotating electromagnetic field. The operating chamber contains cylindrical

ferromagnetic Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagne ...

particles 0.5–5 mm in diameter and 5–60 mm in length, ranging from tens to several thousand pieces (0.05–20 kg), depending on the dimensions of the operating chamber of the intensifier.

History of electromagnetic vortex intensification

Electromagnetic devices with a vortex layer were proposed in 1967 by D.D. Logvinenko and O.P. Shelyakov. The monograph "intensification of technological processes on devices with a vortex layer", written by these authors, showed the effective use of these devices in: * mixing of liquids and gases * mixing of loose materials * dry grinding of solids (micro-resin) * grinding and dispersion of solids in liquid media * activation of substance surface * implementation of chemical reactions * changes in the physical and chemical properties of substances Following this research, these intensifiers found their application in many researches and developments.

Physical processes in electromagnetic vortex intensifiers

Intensification of technological processes and

chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemistry, chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an Gibbs free energy, ...

s is achieved due to intensive mixing and dispersion, acoustic and electromagnetic treatment, high local pressure and

electrolysis In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses Direct current, direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the separation of c ...

of processed components. Electromagnetic devices with a vortex layer with ferromagnetic elements accelerate the reactions 1.5-2 times; reduce the consumption of reagents and electricity by 20%.Oberemok V.M., Nikitenko M.I., 2012: Electromagnetic apparatus with ferromagnetic elements. Intensification of technological processes in industrial wastewater treatment. – Poltava: PUET, 318 p. (in Ukrainian). The grinding effect is achieved by the motion of ferromagnetic particles and their free collision with each other, and a constrained collision between the particles and a body. The degree of grinding is 0.5 μm (with an initial size of 20 mm). At present, the electromagnetic devices with a vortex layer with ferromagnetic elements actually exist (D.D. Logvinenko himself designed and produced more than 2000 pieces), their principle is also implemented in some technological lines.

Industrial application of electromagnetic vortex intensifiers

Examples of industrial applications of these devices for intensifying processes are: * preparation of food emulsions * preparation of multicomponent suspensions with vulcanizing and gelling agents (

sulfur Sulfur ( American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphur ( Commonwealth spelling) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms ...

zinc oxide Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the Chemical formula, formula . It is a white powder which is insoluble in water. ZnO is used as an additive in numerous materials and products including cosmetics, Zinc metabolism, food supplements, rubbe ...

, soot, kaolin, sodium silicofluoride) in

latex Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water. Latices are found in nature, but synthetic latices are common as well. In nature, latex is found as a wikt:milky, milky fluid, which is present in 10% of all floweri ...

sponge production; Obtaining suspensions of

titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania , is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula . When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or Colour Index Internationa ...

used as matting agent for chemical fibers *

wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment is a process which removes and eliminates contaminants from wastewater. It thus converts it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on ...

from acids, alkalis,

hexavalent chromium Hexavalent chromium (chromium(VI), Cr(VI), chromium 6) is any chemical compound that contains the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state (thus hexavalent). It has been identified as carcinogenic, which is of concern since approximately of ...

compounds,

nickel Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive, but large pieces are slo ...

iron Iron is a chemical element; it has symbol Fe () and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's o ...

zinc Zinc is a chemical element; it has symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a shiny-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 (IIB) of the periodic tabl ...

copper Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orang ...

cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12 element, group 12, zinc and mercury (element), mercury. Like z ...

, other heavy metals,

cyanide In chemistry, cyanide () is an inorganic chemical compound that contains a functional group. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. Ionic cyanides contain the cyanide anion . This a ...

compounds, and other contaminants * production of greases and emulsions *

drilling fluid In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. Used while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also use ...

preparation * preparation of

kerosene Kerosene, or paraffin, is a combustibility, combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. It is widely used as a fuel in Aviation fuel, aviation as well as households. Its name derives from the Greek (''kērós'') meaning " ...

in water emulsions,

silicone In Organosilicon chemistry, organosilicon and polymer chemistry, a silicone or polysiloxane is a polymer composed of repeating units of siloxane (, where R = Organyl group, organic group). They are typically colorless oils or elastomer, rubber ...

rubber Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, ''caucho'', or ''caoutchouc'', as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds. Types of polyisoprene ...

, latex, etc. Electromagnetic vortex intensifier grinds and regrinds

coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other Chemical element, elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal i ...

alumina Aluminium oxide (or aluminium(III) oxide) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula . It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium oxide. It is commonly ...

-containing

slag The general term slag may be a by-product or co-product of smelting (pyrometallurgical) ores and recycled metals depending on the type of material being produced. Slag is mainly a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. Broadly, it can be c ...

quartz Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The Atom, atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen Tetrahedral molecular geometry, tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tet ...

sand, technical

diamond Diamond is a Allotropes of carbon, solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond is tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of e ...

cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the chemical formula, formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of glycosidic bond, β(1→4) linked glucose, D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important s ...

chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Ch ...

wood flour Sawdust (or wood dust) is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations such as sawing, sandpaper, sanding, Milling (machining), milling and Router (woodworking), routing. It is composed of very small chips of wood. These operations ...

, fluoroplastics, etc. Also, it can be used for decontamination of agricultural animal waste.

Issues of electromechanics and device design

The main parameters that characterize the rotating magnetic field created by a three-phase inductor in the working area of the apparatus in the absence of ferromagnetic particles include: the number of pairs of magnetic poles, the angular speed of their rotation;Logvinenko DD, Shelyakov OP, Polshchikov GA, Determination of the main parameters of vortex bed apparatus // Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. 1974. Vol. 10. Iss. 1, pp. 15-17

magnitude and speed of rotation of the magnetic induction vector

hodograph A hodograph is a diagram that gives a vectorial visual representation of the movement of a body or a fluid. It is the locus of one end of a variable vector, with the other end fixed. The position of any plotted data on such a diagram is proporti ...

, which in real devices is an ellipse with eccentricity increasing when approaching the surface of the working chamber.G. A. Polshchikov, P. B. Zhukov. On the movement of a magnetic particle in an apparatus with a vortex layer, (in Russian), “Chemical engineering (republican interdepartmental scientific and technical collection)”, No. 22, -, K.: “Tekhnika”, 1975, pp. 71-80. It is advisable to characterize the magnetic properties of the vortex layer by volume-averaged values; a convenient parameter for energy control of the operation of the vortex layer is its power density.Polshchikov G.A., Logvinenko D.D., Zhukov P.B., Some issues of calculation and design of devices with a vortex layer,(in Russian), NIIHIMMASH, “Equipment using various methods of process intensification”, issue 71, - M, 1975, p.128 -141, UDC 621.929:537. Devices AVS-100, АVS-150, etc. (Russian

Cyrillic The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Ea ...

acronym: ) are focused on uniform distribution of ferromagnetic particles throughout the working area and have a bipolar inductor. When developing an inductor for these devices, the salient-pole design of liquid steel induction rotators was chosen as an analogue. The choice of salient-pole inductor design was associated mainly with simplified manufacturing technology, ease of operation, repair and cooling. In the central part of the working area of these devices, the magnetic field in the absence of ferromagnetic particles is close to uniform: the hodograph of the magnetic induction vector in this area is close to a circle, coinciding with it in the center of the working area of these devices; the modulus of the magnetic induction vector is approximately 0.12 T (in various devices from 0.1 to 0.15 T); the angular speed of its rotation is 314 radians per second, which corresponds to a rotation speed of 3000 rpm. In a working vortex layer, the modulus of the averaged magnetic induction vector reaches values of 0.2 T and lags behind the external field strength by a certain phase angle. The specific power of the vortex layer in various modes for these devices ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 kW per cubic decimeter of the working area. The devices have dual-circuit oil-water cooling, power capacitors to compensate for the reactive power of the inductor and are powered from a 380V, 50 Hz network. Other design features of the devices are described in detail in the monograph. Subsequently, the design of these and similar devices was mastered, modified and expanded by other manufacturers and developers.Ogonowski, S. On-Line Optimization of Energy Consumption in Electromagnetic Mill Installation. Energies 2021, 14, 2380

Currently, devices use both salient-pole inductors and inductors with distributed windings, similar to the stators of electric motors; different types of cooling and power capacitors are used. If necessary, the device includes power converters of voltage and frequency from the supply network. Methods for monitoring and controlling the operation of the vortex layer and technological lines based on it are also being improved. In scientific and technical developments related to issues of the electromechanics of devices of the class under consideration, computer modelling of the inductor and behavior of ferromagnetic particles is sometimes used. An analytical model of the force effect of a circular rotating magnetic field on a magnetic particle in devices with an external electric inductor with a different number of magnetic poles is considered in the work. Recently, a method has been proposed and examples of rapid engineering evaluation calculation and analysis of the characteristics of the working rotating magnetic field of various cylindrical inductors with a longitudinal winding have been given

References

{{Authority control Electromagnetic components Electrochemical engineering Fluid dynamics Fluid technology Ferromagnetism Drilling fluid Electrolysis Chemical reactions