Dutch Maiden

The Dutch Maiden (Dutch: ''Nederlandse Maagd'') is a national personification of the Netherlands. She is typically depicted wearing a Roman garment and with a lion, the Leo Belgicus, by her side. In addition to the symbol of a national maiden, there were also symbolic provincial maidens and town maidens.

The Dutch Maiden has been used as a national symbol since the 16th century. During the Dutch Revolt, a maiden representing the United Provinces of the Netherlands became a recurrent theme in allegorical cartoons. In early depictions she may be shown in the " Garden of Holland", a small garden surrounded by a fence, recalling the medieval hortus conclusus of the Virgin Mary. On 25 May 1694, the States of Holland and West Friesland introduced a uniform coin design for the United Provinces, showing a Dutch Maiden leaning on a bible placed on an altar and holding a lance with the cap of liberty, the Liberty pole.

Initially carrying a martyr's palm, by the late 17th century she often carries a cap of liberty on a liberty pole, though the hat is a conventional male style for the period, rather than the Phrygian cap that later images of liberty personified in other countries used. Alongside the type of depiction with a liberty pole, which is usually costumed in more or less modern styles, images in the Baroque classical dress that was more conventional for such personifications are also found.

19th-century and later

During the French Revolutionary occupation, the short-lived Batavian Republic adopted the Dutch Maiden as its main symbol. The symbol was depicted on the upper left corner of the Batavian Republic's flag, with a lion at her feet. In one hand, she holds a shield with the Roman fasces and in the other a lance crowned with the cap of liberty.

The Dutch Maiden continued to be used as a symbol after the foundation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. She was integrated into a number of 19th century monuments, including:
* the statue in the centre of Plein 1813 in The Hague;
* the statue commemorating the Battle of Heiligerlee, and
* the statue on the Nieuwemarkt in Rotterdam.

Maiden as a provincial or town symbol

Starting around the time of the Renaissance, it was not uncommon for a Dutch province to be symbolized by the image of a maiden, e.g. "the Maiden of Holland".

A "town maiden" (''stedenmaagd'') was sometimes used to symbolize a Dutch town, e.g. "the Maiden of Dordrecht".

Maiden of Dordrecht

On a relief on the 16th century Groothoofdspoort in Dordrecht, the Maiden of Dordrecht, holding the heraldic shield of Dordrecht, is seated in the symbolical Garden of Holland. She is surrounded by the heraldic shields of 15 cities. The same theme was the subject of a 1596 gift to the St. Janskerk in Gouda by the Dordrecht city council. From 19 to 23 July 1572, Dordrecht had been the scene of the first independent meeting of the provinces rebelling against Spanish rule.

File:Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas03-mitte.jpg, Dordrecht Maiden, 1596, stained glass window designed by Gerrit Gerritsz Cuyp in the Janskerk, Gouda.
File:Dordrecht Groothoofdspoort detail.jpg, Maiden of Dordrecht depicted in the Groothoofdspoort in Dordrecht in 1618.

In these symbols of Dordrecht, the heraldic shields are (clockwise from Geertruidenberg, the city shield on the "gate" of the garden) for the following towns: Geertruidenberg, Schoonhoven, Hoorn, Weesp, Leerdam, Naarden, Muiden, Medemblik, Grootebroek, Monnickendam, Enkhuizen, Asperen, Heusden, Schiedam and Vlaardingen.

Gallery

File:Garden of Holland.jpg, Dutch Maiden in the garden of Holland, 1563, by Philips Galle
File:32 afbeeldinge der Graven van HOLLANDT.jpg, Same theme appearing 100 years later in 1663, in Adriaen Matham's ''Counts of Holland'' series
File:Flags of the navy of the Batavian Republic.jpg, Flags of the Batavian Republic.
File:1672 Gérard de Lairesse - Allegory of the Freedom of Trade.jpg, Gérard de Lairesse, ''Allegory of the Freedom of Trade'' (glorifying the De Graeff family’ as the protector of the Republican state), 1672
File:Friesland, zilveren halve driegulden, 1696, Leeuwarden (back).JPG, Back of 1696 Leeuwarden silver half 3 guilder coin, with the Latin inscription "HANC TUEMUR, HAC NITIMUR" ("We protect her; she supports us").
File:Lieuwe-van-Aitzema-Saken-van-staet-en-oorlogh MG 0394.tif, Classical and military dress, book frontispiece, c. 1670
File:Beeld van de Nederlandse maagd, bovenop monument 1813 - 's-Gravenhage - 20363409 - RCE.jpg, Alternative classical style, at the national monument, Plein 1813, The Hague.
File:Rotterdam standbeeld maagdvanholland.jpg, Statue in Rotterdam, 1874, hat and costume in styles from the start of the Dutch Revolt.
File:1866spotprentart53.jpg, Dutch Maiden in a political cartoon. Per the 1848 Dutch Constitution "The King is immune, the ministers are responsible".Entitled ''Ons Schibboleth'', printed in ''De Nederlandsche Spectator'', 1866.,
File:Van der Waay.jpeg, Dutch Maiden on a design for the Golden Coach, by Nicolaas van der Waay, 1898.
File:1916 Dutch East Indies - Art.jpg, Dutch Imperial Maiden (1916) with "Our most precious jewel", a necklace representing the Dutch East Indies.

References

External links

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{{National personifications
Cultural history of the Netherlands
National personifications