devil's advocate

The (Latin for Devil's advocate) is a former official position within the Catholic Church, the Promoter of the Faith: one who "argued against the canonization ( sainthood) of a candidate in order to uncover any character flaws or misrepresentation of the evidence favoring canonization".

In common language, the phrase 'playing devil's advocate' describes a situation where someone, given a certain point of view, takes a position they do not necessarily agree with (or simply an alternative position from the accepted norm), for the sake of debate or to explore the thought further using valid reasoning that both disagrees with the subject at hand and proves their own point valid. Despite being medieval in origin, this idiomatic expression is one of the most popular present-day English idioms used to express the concept of arguing against something without actually being committed to the contrary view.

Origin and history

During the canonization process employed by the Catholic Church, the 'Promoter of the Faith' ( la, promotor fidei), popularly known as the Devil's advocate (), was a canon lawyer appointed by Church authorities to argue against the canonization of a candidate. It was this person's job to take a skeptical view of the candidate's character, to look for holes in the evidence, to argue that any miracles attributed to the candidate were fraudulent, and so on. The Devil's advocate opposed 'God's advocate' (; also known as the 'Promoter of the Cause'), whose task was to make the argument in favor of canonization. During the investigation of a cause, this task is now performed by the 'Promoter of Justice' (), who is in charge of examining the accuracy of the inquiry on the saintliness of the candidate. The Promoter of the Faith remains a figure in the Congregation of the Causes of Saints and is also known as the Prelate Theologian.

The office was established in 1587 during the reign of Pope Sixtus V. The first formal mention of such an officer is found in the canonization of St Lawrence Justinian under Pope Leo X (15131521). Pope John Paul II reduced the power and changed the role of the office in 1983. In cases of controversy, the Vatican may still seek to solicit the testimony of critics of a candidate for canonization. One notable example of this was in 2003, when author Christopher Hitchens, an atheist and outspoken critic of Mother Teresa, was interviewed as part of her beatification hearings.

In the Orthodox Churches

Given the Great Schism of 1054, and the position of Devil's Advocate being invented centuries after, there is no equivalent role in the Eastern Orthodox Church (which has no legalistic process for canonization of saints regardless, as was innovated in the West post-Schism). The Coptic Church and Assyrian Church of the East (who separated during the 5th-century Council of Chalcedon) likewise have no ''advocatus diaboli'' equivalent.

See also

* Dialectic
*
*Lawsuits against the Devil
* Murder board
*Polemic
*Red team
*Roman Rota
*Social gadfly
* Steelmanning

References

External links

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The evolution of the Promoter of the Faith in causes of canonization

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devil's Advocate
Tribunals of the Roman Curia
Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
English-language idioms
Christian saints
Canonization