Dumitru Stăniloae
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Dumitru Stăniloae (; – 4 October 1993), also Anglicized as Demetrius Staniloae, was a
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
n Orthodox Christian priest, theologian and professor. He worked for over 45 years on a comprehensive Romanian translation of the Greek Philokalia, a collection of writings on prayer by the
Church Fathers The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity. The historical peri ...
, together with the
hieromonk A hieromonk,; Church Slavonic, Slavonic: ''Иеромонахъ''; ; ; ; ; Albanian language, Albanian: ''Hieromurg'' also called a priestmonk, is a person who is both monk and Priest#Roman Catholic and Orthodox, priest in the Eastern Christianity ...
Arsenius Boca, who brought manuscripts from
Mount Athos Mount Athos (; ) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece directly on the Aegean Sea. It is an important center of Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox monasticism. The mountain and most of the Athos peninsula are governed ...
. His book, ''The Dogmatic Orthodox Theology'' (1978), made him one of the best-known Christian theologians of the second half of the 20th century. He also produced commentaries on earlier Christian thinkers, such as St Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Maximus the Confessor, and St Athanasius of Alexandria. He is a controversial figure outside the Orthodox Church view, in his early activity as a journalist he promoted
antisemitism Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...
and praised totalitarian figures such as Ion Antonescu and
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...
, before and during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. He was recruited by the Securitate under the codename "Văleanu Ion" as an informant following his release from prison in 1963 but he did not cooperate. Accused of being a "mystical element with hostile concepts" he would be removed from the network of informants in 1973.Florian Bichir, ''PĂRINTELE STĂNILOAE ŞI SECURITATEA: „NU VREAU SĂ FAC RĂU LA NIMENI”'', Misiunea, 2016 He is a
saint In Christianity, Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of sanctification in Christianity, holiness, imitation of God, likeness, or closeness to God in Christianity, God. However, the use of the ...
of the Romanian Orthodox Church and was officially
canonized Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of sa ...
on the 4 February 2025.


Biography

Dumitru Stăniloae was born on 16 November 1903, in Vlădeni, in what is now
Brașov County Brașov County () is a county (județ) of Transylvania, Romania. Its capital city is Brașov. The county incorporates within its boundaries most of the Medieval "lands" (''țări'') Burzenland and Făgăraș. Name In Hungarian language, Hungari ...
, Romania. He was the last of five children of Rebeca (mother) and Irimie (father). His mother was a priest's niece. On 10 February 1917 he went to
Brașov Brașov (, , ; , also ''Brasau''; ; ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Kruhnen'') is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the county seat (i.e. administrative centre) of Brașov County. According to the 2021 Romanian census, ...
to study at the Andrew Șaguna High School. He received a fellowship from the Gojdu Foundation in 1918 and a fellowship from the University of Cernăuți in 1922.Cernăuți ( Romanian) = Чернівці, ''Chernivtsi'' ( Ukrainian). This article uses the Romanian form for the name of this city in northern
Bukovina Bukovina or ; ; ; ; , ; see also other languages. is a historical region at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe. It is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided betwe ...
.
Disappointed by the quality of the manuals and the teaching methods, he left for the
University of Bucharest The University of Bucharest (UB) () is a public university, public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy of Bucharest, P ...
after one year. He was offered a fellowship by metropolitan bishop Nicolae Bălan at the Metropolitan Center in
Sibiu Sibiu ( , , , Hungarian: ''Nagyszeben'', , Transylvanian Saxon: ''Härmeschtat'' or ''Hermestatt'') is a city in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania. Located some north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles th ...
in 1924 during Lent. Stăniloae graduated from the University of Cernăuți in 1927, receiving a fellowship to study theology in
Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...
. In the fall of 1928 he earned his PhD degree at
Cernăuți Chernivtsi (, ; , ;, , see also #Names, other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River. Formerly the capital of the historic region of Bukovina, which is now divided between Romania and Ukraine, Chernivt ...
, with thesis ''Life and work of Dositheos II of Jerusalem (1641-1707) and his connections with Romanian Principalities''. The Metropolitan Center in Sibiu offered him a fellowship in Byzantine studies and Dogmatics. He went to
Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...
to attend the courses of August Heisenberg (father of physicist
Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (; ; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics and a principal scientist in the German nuclear program during World War II. He pub ...
), and then went to
Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
,
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, and
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to study the work of Gregory Palamas. He married on 4 October 1930, and his wife gave birth to twins in 1931, named Demetrius and Maria. He and his wife had another daughter, Lidia, on 8 October of the following year; and that year he met and befriended ultra-right ideologist Nichifor Crainic. In January 1934, Stăniloae took over as editor in chief of the Transylvanian bi-weekly church newspaper '' Telegraful român'' ''(The Romanian Telegraph)''. He would hold the position until May 1945. Under the previous editor in chief, George Proca, ''Telegraful român'' had published ambivalent articles about the Jewish minority. Under Stăniloae, the editorial line became aggressively antisemitic. It published eulogies of legionaries Ion Moța and Vasile Marin, far-right politician A. C. Cuza, Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu and even
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...
. As antisemitic legislation was adopted by the successive Romanian governments ''Telegraful'' supported the legislation. Deportations of Roma and Jews were also encouraged. Some editorials (including a 1942 article suggestively titled ''Au să dispară din Europa'', i.e., ''They will disappear from Europe'') go as far as advocating the Final Solution:Gabriel Andreescu, ''Anti-Semitic issues in Orthodox publications, years 1920-1944'', Civitas Europica Centralis, 2014
"The newspaper Raza from Bessarabia prints the joyful news that the last Jewish convoy from Chişinău is heading towards the Russian steppe, and thus the city got rid of the Jewish cancer. According to the aforementioned newspaper, the departure of the Jews took place with the same swiftness in the other cities of Bessarabia. So it should be – in Bessarabia and all the other provinces of the country."
As a result of his political writing and his notability, a generation of theologians, associated with him or sharing his political views - in particular antisemitism, is known as "Stăniloae Generation". Stăniloae was ordained a
deacon A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. Major Christian denominations, such as the Cathol ...
on 8 October 1931 and was ordained
priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deity, deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in parti ...
on 25 September 1932. In June 1936 he became rector of the Theological Academy in Sibiu. In 1940, at the initiative of poet
Sandu Tudor Sandu Tudor (; born Alexandru Al. Teodorescu, known in church records as Brother Agathon, later Daniil Teodorescu, Daniil Sandu Tudor, Daniil de la Rarău; December 22 or December 24, 1896 – November 17, 1962) was a Romanian poet, journalist, th ...
, the ''Rugul aprins'' (''Burning Bush'') group was founded. It was composed of priest-monk Ivan Kulighin (confessor of Russian
Metropolitan bishop In Christianity, Christian Christian denomination, churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan (alternative obsolete form: metropolite), is held by the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a Metropolis (reli ...
of Rostov, refugee at Cernica Monastery), priest-monk Benedict Ghius, priest-monk Sofian Boghiu, Prof. Alex. Mironescu, poet Vasile Voiculescu, architect Constantin Joja, Father Andrew Scrima and John Marin Sadoveanu. The group gathered regularly at the Cernica and Antim monasteries, maintaining Christian life in
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...
. In 1946 he was asked by metropolitan bishop Nicholas Bălan, under pressure from
Petru Groza Petru Groza (7 December 1884 – 7 January 1958) was a Romanian politician, best known as the first Prime Minister of Romania, Prime Minister of the Romanian Communist Party, Communist Party-dominated government under Soviet Union, Soviet Sovie ...
, first
Communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
Prime Minister of Romania,First communist Premier of Romania. to resign as rector of the Theological Academy in Sibiu. He remained a professor until 1947, when he was transferred to the
University of Bucharest The University of Bucharest (UB) () is a public university, public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy of Bucharest, P ...
's Faculty of Theology, as the Ascetics and Mystics chair. Because of political unrest in Romania in 1958, following a split in the
Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ; PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system ...
, Father Demetrius was arrested by the Securitate on 5 September. While he was in Aiud Prison as a political prisoner, his only surviving child, Lidia, gave birth to his grandchild, Demetrius Horia. Lidia was asked to leave the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Physics because of the arrest of her father. He was freed from prison in January 1963, and then began work as a clerk at the Holy
Synod A synod () is a council of a Christian denomination, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. The word '' synod'' comes from the Ancient Greek () ; the term is analogous with the Latin word . Originally, ...
of the Romanian Orthodox Church, and began teaching again in October. He attended conferences in
Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau or simply Freiburg is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fourth-largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart, Mannheim and Karlsruhe. Its built-up area has a population of abou ...
and
Heidelberg Heidelberg (; ; ) is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fifth-largest city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with a population of about 163,000, of which roughly a quarter consists of studen ...
at the invitation of Prof. Paul Miron, with the permission of the State Department of Cults, who wanted to change the image of Romania. While lecturing at
Oxford University The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ...
, he became friends with the theologian Donald Allchin. He retired in 1973. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Thessaloniki in 1976, the Saint-Sergius Orthodox Institute in Paris in 1981, the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in
Belgrade Belgrade is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin, Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. T ...
in 1982, and the
University of Bucharest The University of Bucharest (UB) () is a public university, public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy of Bucharest, P ...
in 1992. He was awarded the ''Dr. Leopold Lucas'' prize of the Faculty of Theology in
Tübingen Tübingen (; ) is a traditional college town, university city in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated south of the state capital, Stuttgart, and developed on both sides of the Neckar and Ammer (Neckar), Ammer rivers. about one in ...
in 1980 and the Cross of St Augustine in
Canterbury Canterbury (, ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, in the county of Kent, England; it was a county borough until 1974. It lies on the River Stour, Kent, River Stour. The city has a mild oceanic climat ...
'' in 1982. He died in Bucharest on 4 October 1993, aged 89.


Canonization

Father Dumitru Stăniloae was canonised in 2025 as the Romanian Orthodox Church celebrates 140 years of autocephaly and 100 years since obtaining the status of a patriarchate. On 11 and 12 July 2024, the Romanian Orthodox Church officially approved the canonization of Stăniloae along with 15 other Romanian Orthodox saints. His feast day is on 4 October. His canonization, along with Ilarion Felea's and Ilie Lăcătuşu's, was criticised by Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania:
“We question whether elevating to sainthood individuals who, during their lives, shared the values of fascism through words or deeds is consonant with Christian ethics”
The Romanian Orthodox Church promptly replied to criticism, supporting the decision:
"Some saints venerated in the Orthodox Church have had, at certain times in their lives, attitudes, and gestures that are hard to understand or even contrary to Christian teachings. However, the Church considers the sinner's change of life and, especially, how they ended their lives, without encouraging (sanctifying) certain deviations that these persons may have had during their lives."


See also

* Lucian Turcescu * Vladimir Lossky


Works

* ''Catholicism after the War'',
Sibiu Sibiu ( , , , Hungarian: ''Nagyszeben'', , Transylvanian Saxon: ''Härmeschtat'' or ''Hermestatt'') is a city in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania. Located some north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles th ...
, 1932 * ''Life and teachings of Gregory Palamas'', Sibiu, 1938 * ''Orthodoxy and Romanianism'', Sibiu, 1939 * ''The standing of Mr. Lucian Blaga on Christianity and Orthodoxism'', Sibiu, 1942 * ''Jesus Christ or man's restoration'', Sibiu, 1943 * '' Philokalia'' (translation); vol. 1: Sibiu, 1946; vol. 2: Sibiu, 1947; vol. 3: Sibiu, 1948; vol. 4: Sibiu, 1948; vol. 5: Bucharest, 1976; vol. 6: Bucharest, 1977; vol. 7: Bucharest, 1978; vol. 8: Bucharest, 1979; vol. 9: Bucharest, 1980. * ''Uniatism in Transylvania, an attempt to dismember the Romanian people'', Bucharest, 1973 * ''Treaty of Orthodox Dogmatic Theology'',
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...
, 1978 * ''Dieu est Amour'',
Geneva Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the ca ...
, 1980 * ''Theology and the Church'',
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, 1980 * ''Praying, freedom, holiness'',
Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...
, 1980 * ''Prière de Jésus et experience de Saint Esprit'', Desclée de Brouwer, Paris, 1981 (, ) * ''Orthodox Spirituality'', Bucharest, 1981 * ''Moral Orthodox Theology'', vol. 2, Bucharest, 1981 * '' St. Gregory of Nyssa – Writings'' (translation), Bucharest, 1982 * ''Orthodoxe Dogmatik'', 1985 * ''Le genie de l'orthodoxie'', Paris, 1985 * ''Spirituality a communion in Orthodox lithurgy'', Craiova, 1986. * ''God's eternal face'',
Craiova Craiova (, also , ) is the largest city in southwestern Romania, List of Romanian cities, the seventh largest city in the country and the capital of Dolj County, situated near the east bank of the river Jiu River, Jiu in central Oltenia. It i ...
, 1987 * '' St. Athanasius the Great – Writings'' (translation), Bucharest, 1987 * ''Orthodox Dogmatic Theology Studies (Christology of St. Maximus the Confessor, Man and God, St. Symeon The New Theologian, Hymns of God's love)'', Craiova, 1991 * ''
St. Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria (; or ⲡⲓ̀ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲕⲓⲣⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ;  376–444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. He was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire ...
– Writings'' (translation), Bucharest, 1991 In English Translation: * ''The Victory of the Cross: A Talk on Suffering'', Fairacres Publications, Oxford, 1970 () * ''Theology and the Church'', SVS Press, Crestwood, 1980 () * ''Liturgy of the Community and the Liturgy of the Heart: From the Viewpoint of the Philokalia'', Fairacres Publications, Oxford, 1980 () * ''Prayer and Holiness: The Icon of God Renewed in Man'', Fairacres Publications, Oxford, 1982 () * ''Eternity and Time'', Fairacres Publications, Oxford, 2001 () * ''Orthodox Spirituality: A Practical Guide for the Faithful and a Definitive Manual for the Scholar'', STS Press, South Canaan, 2002 (translation of Orthodox Spirituality, Bucharest, 1981) () * ''The Experience of God: Orthodox Dogmatic Theology.'' Holy Cross Orthodox Press ** Vol. 1, ''Revelation and Knowledge of the Triune God'' (Brookline, 2005) (). ** Vol. 2, ''The World: Creation and Deification'' (Brookline, 2005) (). ** Vol. 3, ''The Person of Jesus Christ as God and Savior'' (Brookline, 2011) (). ** Vol. 4, ''The Church: Communion in the Holy Spirit'' (Brookline, 2012) (). ** Vol. 5, ''The Sanctifying Mysteries'' (Brookline, 2012) (). ** Vol. 6, ''The Fulfillment of Creation'' (Brookline, 2013) (). * ''The Holy Trinity: In the Beginning There Was Love'', Holy Cross Orthodox Press (Brookline, 2012) ()


References


Further reading

* Ștefan Buchiu, ''Father Dumitru Stăniloae – The Theologian of Divine Love'' (''Părintele Dumitru Stăniloae – teologul iubirii dumnezeiești''), 2022, ISBN . This anthology compiles 20 articles exploring Stăniloae's theological insights, reflecting his influence on contemporary Christian theology and practice. * Kevin M. Berger, ''Towards a Theological Gnoseology: The Synthesis of Fr. Dumitru Stăniloae Vol's 1-2'' (2003. UMI, Ann Arbor) Catholic University of America, Doctoral Dissertation * Radu Bordeianu, ''Dumitru Stăniloae: An Ecumenical Ecclesiology'' (2011. T&T Clark, Bloomsbury) * Andrew Louth, 'The Orthodox Dogmatic Theology of Dumitru Staniloae', in ''Modern Theology''; 2 (1997), p. 253-266 * Charles Miller, ''The Gift of the World – An introduction to the theology of Dumitru Stăniloae'' (2000) * Mihail Neamțu, 'Between the Gospel And the Nation: Dumitru Stăniloae's Ethno-Theology', in ''ARCHAEUS. Studies in History of Religions''; 10:3 (2006

* Ivana Noble, 'Doctrine of Creation within the Theological Project of Dumitru Stăniloae'

in ''Communio Viatorum''; 49:2 (2007), pp. 185–209. * S.-L. Toma, ''Η πατερική παράδοσις εις το έργον του π. Δημητρίου Στανιλοάε και ο σύγχρονος κόσμος'' (2007. Θεσσαλονίκη: Πουρναράς). * Lucian Turcescu, 'Dumitru Stăniloae', Commentary and Original Source materials in English translation, in ''The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law, Politics, and Human Nature'', edd. J. Witte and F. Alexander (2 vols. 2005.
Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's la ...
, New York), 1:685–711 and 2:537–558. he two volumes received the Choice Outstanding Academic Titles Award for 2006.* Lucian Turcescu, ed. ''Dumitru Staniloae: tradition and modernity in theology'' (2002. Center for Romanian Studies, Iași) * Mircea Ițu (2006), "Îndumnezeirea omului in viziunea lui Dumitru Stăniloae" ("Inner godliness of the human being in Demetrius Stăniloae's vision"), in ''Lumină lină'', number 4, New York, pp. 15–23. ISSN 1086-2366


External links

* ''Demetrius Stăniloae'' article in ''Dictionary of Romanian Theologians'

* Freely downloadable interviews (audio and video) can be found a
www.sfaturiortodoxe.ro
an
www.ortodox.tv
* ''From East to West'', interview with Sorin Dumitrescu on Eastern vs. Western spiritualit

* ''Dacă n-ar fi iubirea Tatălui și a Duhului, n-ar fi nici Hristos'', intervie

* ''Teologie Dogmatică Ortodoxă'' freely downloadable a
Bilioteca Teologică Digitală
(Digital Theologic Library) * ''Scurtă interpretare teologică a națiunii'' by Demetrius Stăniloae * ''Învierea Domnului și importanța ei universală'' by Demetrius Stăniloae * Liviu Jitianu: ''Christologische Symphonie von Mensch und Welt. Grundzüge einer neupatristischen orthodoxen Theologie im Werk von Dumitru Staniloae''. Dissertation, Freiburg University, Freiburg 2006 ("Christological symphony of man and world. Outlines of a neo-patristic orthodox theology in the works of Demetrius Staniloae"
online version
{{DEFAULTSORT:Staniloae, Dumitru 1903 births 1993 deaths People from Brașov County 20th-century Eastern Orthodox priests 20th-century Romanian male writers Andrei Șaguna National College (Brașov) alumni Chernivtsi University alumni Inmates of Aiud prison Eastern Orthodox theologians Eastern Orthodox writers Romanian male non-fiction writers Romanian Orthodox priests Romanian theologians Titular members of the Romanian Academy Translators of the Philokalia University of Bucharest alumni Burials at Cernica Monastery Cemetery