Domingo Pantaleón Tristan y Moscoso was a Peruvian

general A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air force, air and space forces, marines or naval infantry. In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colone ...

and

politician A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles ...

Biography

Tristán was born in

Arequipa Arequipa (; Aymara language, Aymara and ), also known by its nicknames of ''Ciudad Blanca'' (Spanish for "White City") and ''León del Sur'' (Spanish for "South's Lion"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous Arequipa (province), ...

on 27 July 1768. His parents were José Joaquín Tristán del Pozo y Carassa and María Mercedes Moscoso Pérez Oblitas, members of the Arequipa Creole high society. Among his brothers were

Pío de Tristán Juan Pío Camilo de Tristán y Moscoso (July 11, 1773, Arequipa – August 24, 1859, Lima) was a Peruvian general and politician who served as the second President of South Peru from October 12, 1838 to February 23, 1839. He was nominally t ...

, last viceroy of Peru. He studied in the city of

Cuzco Cusco or Cuzco (; or , ) is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Sacred Valley of the Andes mountain range and the Huatanay river. It is the capital of the eponymous province and department. The city was the capital of the Inca Empire unti ...

, he was later sent by his parents to

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

where he served for a time as a Midshipman in the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

, in 1791 he returned to

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

after being appointed colonel of the Majes Valley militias. In 1809 he was part of the army under the command of his cousin, General

José Manuel de Goyeneche José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced very differently in each of the two languages: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ). In French, the name ''José'', pronounced , ...

, against the Juntistas of

Upper Peru Upper Peru (; ) is a name for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. The name originated in Buenos Aires towards the end of the 18th century after the Audiencia of Charcas was transferred from the Viceroyalty of Peru to th ...

. He repressed the Yungay uprising, defeating in Irupana the caudillo Manuel Victorio García Lanza who, together with Gabriel Antonio Castro, he pursued until the Indians under his command managed to capture them and cut off their heads, which were exhibited by Tristán in November 1809 in the town of

Chulumani Chulumani is a municipality in Bolivia. It is the capital of the Sud Yungas region. Agriculture dominates the area, which produces bananas, coffee, and coca leaves. Chulumani is subtropical with warm temperatures and high humidity. Although the c ...

. However, when the rebel

Army of the North The Army of the North (), contemporaneously called Army of Peru (), was one of the armies deployed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Spanish American wars of independence. Its objective was freeing the Argentine Northwest a ...

advanced towards

Potosí Potosí, known as Villa Imperial de Potosí in the colonial period, is the capital city and a municipality of the Potosí Department, Department of Potosí in Bolivia. It is one of the list of highest cities in the world, highest cities in the wo ...

, on 16 November 1810, then-Governor Tristán signed the act of adhesion to the government of

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− glob ...

and three days later issued a patriotic proclamation. After the defeat of the Army of the North in the

Battle of Huaqui The Battle of Huaqui or Battle of Guaqui-modern spelling- (in some sources also called Yuraicoragua or Battle of Desaguadero), was a battle on June 20, 1811, between the Primera Junta's (Buenos Aires) revolutionary troops and the royalist ...

, a pardon was decreed by General Goyeneche, he was confirmed in his position, and later returned to Lower Peru free of guilt, although under suspicion, being definitively separated from a position in the Royalist army. In 1813 he was elected deputy to the

Cortes of Cádiz The Cortes of Cádiz was a revival of the traditional ''Cortes Generales, cortes'' (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years, but it met as a single body, rather than divided into estates as with previous o ...

for

, this fact being harshly criticized by Viceroy

José Fernando de Abascal José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced very differently in each of the two languages: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ). In French, the name ''José'', pronounced , ...

who considered that behind his election was the vote of the seditious, the audacious and the schemers. He set sail to Spain to take up his position, but on his way , he received in

Jamaica Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At , it is the third-largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the is ...

the news of the dissolution of the Cortes of Cádiz, so he returned to Peru. In 1821, after the landing of the Liberating expedition of San Martín, he left the south and went to Lima to present himself to the ranks of the Patriot army. Despite his lack of military qualities, San Martín entrusted him with the command of an important division of his army that in 1822 was completely destroyed in the Battle of Ica by the Spanish general

José de Canterac César José de Canterac Orlic y Donesan (July 29, 1786, Casteljaloux, Lot-et-Garone, France – January 18, 1835, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish general of French origin who fought in the Spanish American wars of independence. In 1816 he join ...

. In 1827 he was appointed prefect of

Ayacucho Ayacucho (, , derived from the words ''aya'' ("death" or "soul") and ''k'uchu'' ("corner") in honour of the battle of Ayacucho), founded in 1540 as San Juan de la Frontera de Huamanga and known simply as Huamanga (Quechua: Wamanga) until 1825, i ...

and commanded the repression of the Royalist rebels from Iquicha who had risen up against the republican authorities. In 1834 he took the side of President

Luis José de Orbegoso Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada-Galindo, de Burutarán y Morales (August 25, 1795 – February 5, 1847), was an aristocratic Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 5th President of Peru as well as the first President of North ...

against the rebellion of Generals

Agustín Gamarra Agustín Gamarra Messia (27 August 1785 – 18 November 1841) was a Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 4th and 6th President of Peru. Gamarra was a Mestizo, being of mixed Spanish and Quechua descent. He had a military life s ...

and

Pedro Pablo Bermúdez Pedro Pablo Bermúdez Pedro Pablo Bermúdez Ascarza (27 June 1793 – 30 March 1852) was a Peruvian politician and a member of the Peruvian military. He briefly served as the Provisional Supreme Ruler of Peru between 4 January and 24 April 1834, ...

. Retired from active service, he died in Arequipa in 1847.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tristan, Domingo 1768 births 1847 deaths Viceroyalty of Peru people People from Arequipa Tristán del Pozo family

Biography

See also

References