Djibril Diop Mambéty
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Djibril Diop Mambéty (January 23, 1945 – July 23, 1998) was a Senegalese film director, actor, orator, composer and poet. Though he made only five feature films and two short documentary films, they received international acclaim for their original and experimental cinematic technique and non-linear, unconventional narrative style. Born to a Muslim family near
Dakar Dakar ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Senegal, largest city of Senegal. The Departments of Senegal, department of Dakar has a population of 1,278,469, and the population of the Dakar metropolitan area was at 4.0 mill ...
, Senegal's capital city, Mambéty was an ethnic Wolof. He died in 1998 while being treated for lung cancer in a Paris hospital.


Biography

Djibril Diop Mambéty was born in Colobane, Senegal, a town near Senegal's capital city of Dakar that he would feature prominently in some of his films. Mambéty was the son of a Muslim cleric and member of the Lebou tribe. Mambéty's interest in cinema began with theater. Having graduated from acting school in Senegal, Mambéty worked as a stage actor at the Daniel Sorano National Theater in Dakar until he was expelled for disciplinary reasons. In 1969, at age 23, without any formal training in filmmaking, Mambéty directed and produced his first short film, ''Contras' City'' (City of Contrasts). The following year Mambéty made another short, ''Badou Boy'', which won the Silver Tanit award at the 1970 Carthage Film Festival in Tunisia. Mambéty's technically sophisticated and richly symbolic first feature-length film, '' Touki Bouki'' (1973), received the International Critics Award at
Cannes Film Festival The Cannes Film Festival (; ), until 2003 called the International Film Festival ('), is the most prestigious film festival in the world. Held in Cannes, France, it previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around ...
and won the Special Jury Award at the
Moscow Film Festival The Moscow International Film Festival (, translit. ''Moskóvskiy myezhdunaródniy kinofyestivál''; abbreviated as MIFF) is a film festival first held in Moscow in 1935 and became regular since 1959. From its inception to 1959, it was hel ...
, bringing the Senegalese director international attention and acclaim. Despite the film's success, nearly twenty years passed before Mambéty made another feature film. During this hiatus he made one short film in 1989, ''Parlons Grandmère'' (''Let's talk Grandmother''). '' Hyènes'' (1992), Mambéty's second and final feature film, was an adaptation of Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play '' The Visit'' and was conceptualized as a continuation of '' Touki Bouki''. At the time of his death, the film director had been working on a trilogy of short films called ''Contes des Petites Gens'' (''Tales of the Little People''). The first of the three films was '' Le Franc'' (1994). At the time of his death Mambéty had been editing the second film of that series, '' La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (''The Little Girl Who Sold the Sun''), which premiered posthumously in 1999. On July 23, 1998, Mambéty died of lung cancer at age 53 at a hospital in Paris, France. He was the subject of a 2008 documentary film '' Mambéty For Ever''.


Film career


''Contras'city''

Djibril Diop Mambéty's earliest film, a short entitled '' Contras'city'' (1968), highlighted the contrasts of cosmopolitanism and unrestrained ostentation in Dakar's baroque architecture against the modest, everyday lives of the Senegalese. Mambéty's recurrent theme of hybridity—the blending of elements from precolonial Africa and the colonial West in a neocolonial African context—is already evident in ''Contras'city'', which is considered Africa's first comedy film.


''Badou Boy''

In 1970 Mambéty released his next short, '' Badou Boy'', another sarcastic look at Senegal's capital that followed the adventures of what the director described as a "somewhat immoral street urchin who is very much like myself". The contest pits the non-conformist individual against an absurdly caricatured policeman who pursues the protagonist through comedically improbable scenarios. ''Badou Boy'' celebrates an urban subculture while parodying the state.


''Touki Bouki''

Considered by many to be his most daring and important film, Mambéty's feature-length debut, '' Touki Bouki'' (''The Hyena's Journey'') more fully developed his earlier themes of hybridity and individual marginality and isolation. Based on his own story and script, Djibril Diop Mambéty made ''Touki Bouki'' with a budget of $30,000—obtained in part from the Senegalese government. Though influenced by
French New Wave The New Wave (, ), also called the French New Wave, is a French European art cinema, art film movement that emerged in the late 1950s. The movement was characterized by its rejection of traditional filmmaking conventions in favor of experimentat ...
, ''Touki Bouki'' displays a style all its own. Its camerawork and soundtrack have a frenetic rhythm uncharacteristic of most African films—known for their often deliberately slow-paced, linearly evolving narratives. Through jump cuts, colliding montage, dissonant sonic accompaniment, and the juxtaposition of premodern, pastoral and modern sounds and visual elements, ''Touki Bouki'' conveys and grapples with the hybridization of Senegal. A pair of lovers, Mory and Anta, fantasize about fleeing Dakar for a mythic and romanticized France. The film follows them as they try to scavenge and hustle the funds for their escape. They both make it to the steamliner that would transport them to Paris, but before it disembarks, Mory is drawn back to Dakar and cannot succumb to the seduction of the West. ''Touki Bouki'' won the Special Jury Award at the Moscow film Festival and the International Critics Award at Cannes. * Touki Bouki ranked #52 in ''
Empire An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outpost (military), outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a hegemony, dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the ...
'' magazines "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.


''Hyènes''

An African adaptation of Friedrich Dürrenmatt's famous Swiss play, ''The Visit'', ''Hyènes'' (''
Hyenas Hyenas or hyaenas ( ; from Ancient Greek , ) are feliformia, feliform carnivoran mammals belonging to the Family (biology), family Hyaenidae (). With just four extant species (each in its own genus), it is the fifth-smallest family in the orde ...
'') tells the story of Linguere Ramatou, an aging, wealthy woman who revisits her home village—and Mambéty's—of Colobane. Linguere offers a disturbing proposition to the people of Colobane and lavishes luxuries upon them to persuade them. This embittered woman, "as rich as the
World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and Grant (money), grants to the governments of Least developed countries, low- and Developing country, middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development ...
," will bestow upon Colobane a fortune in exchange for the murder of Dramaan Drameh, a local shopkeeper who abandoned her after a love affair and her illegitimate pregnancy when she was 16. The intimate story of love and revenge between Linguere and Dramaan parallels a critique of neocolonialism and African consumerism. Mambéty once said, "We have sold our souls too cheaply. We are done for if we have traded our souls for money" Although its characters are distinct, Mambéty considered ''Hyènes'' to be a continuation of ''Touki Bouki'' and a further exploration of its themes of power and insanity. Wasis Diop, younger brother of Djibril Diop Mambéty, is responsible for the film's soundtrack. The film is distributed by California Newsreel Productions.


''Le Franc''

This first film in Mambéty's uncompleted trilogy, Contes des Petites Gens (''Tales of Little People''), '' Le Franc'' (1994) uses the French government's devaluation of the
CFA Franc CFA franc (, ) is the name of two currencies used by 210 million people (as of 2023) in fourteen African countries: the West African CFA franc (where "CFA" stands for , i.e. "African Financial Community" in English), used in eight West African c ...
to comment on the absurd schemes people concoct to survive a system that rewards greed rather than merit. The film features a poor musician, Marigo, who finds solace in playing his congoma, which has been confiscated because of his debt. Marigo plays the lottery, and despite winning, encounters obstacles to claiming the reward. The film is both slapstick and symbolic of the lottery-style luck that benefits some and hampers others in the global economy. Le Franc is part of the project, ''Three Tales from Senegal'' which also includes "Picc Mi" (Little Bird) and "Fary l'anesse" (Fary the Donkey). The film is distributed by California Newsreel Productions.


''La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil''

As the second installment in Mambéty's trilogy exalting the lives and promise found among ordinary Senegalese, the 45-minute film, '' La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (''The Little Girl Who Sold the Sun'') depicts a young beggar girl, Sili, who on crutches, confidently makes her way through a city of obstacles, evading a group of bullies, and selling newspapers to make money for herself and her blind grandmother. Mambéty dedicates his last film to "the courage of street children". His luminous main character, Sili, manages to make this a sympathetic and optimistic look at the struggle and potential of Africa's most oppressed—young, female, poor, disabled. The movie is accompanied by a score by Mambéty's brother, Wasis Diop. This film was selected as one of the ten best films of 2000 by the ''
Village Voice ''The Village Voice'' is an American news and culture publication based in Greenwich Village, New York City, known for being the country's first alternative newsweekly. Founded in 1955 by Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher, John Wilcock, and Norman Ma ...
''. Reviewer for ''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'', A.O. Scott described the film as a "masterpiece of understated humanity."


Cinematic style and themes

The notion of
hybridity Hybridity, in its most basic sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Young, Robert. ''Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and ...
is a theme that runs through many of Djibril Diop Mambéty films. Like many of his contemporaries, Djibril Diop Mambéty used the cinematic medium to comment on political and social conditions in Africa. As critiques of
neocolonialism Neocolonialism is the control by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony) through indirect means. The term ''neocolonialism'' was first used after World War II to refer to ...
, like those of
Ousmane Sembène Ousmane Sembène (; 1 January 1923 or 8 January 1923 – 9 June 2007), was a Senegalese film director, producer and writer. The ''Los Angeles Times'' considered him one of the greatest authors of Africa and he has often been called the "father o ...
and Souleymane Cissé, Mambéty's films can similarly be understood in the context of Third Cinema. Yet, his often unconventional, surrealist, fast-paced, non-linear style distinguishes Mambéty from other prominent filmmakers of
Francophone The Francophonie or Francophone world is the whole body of people and organisations around the world who use the French language regularly for private or public purposes. The term was coined by Onésime Reclus in 1880 and became important a ...
African cinema Cinema of Africa covers both the History of film, history and present of the Filmmaking, making or screening of films on the African continent, and also refers to the persons involved in this form of audiovisual culture. It dates back to the ear ...
who employed more traditional didactic,
social realist Social realism is work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers, filmmakers and some musicians that aims to draw attention to the real socio-political conditions of the working class as a means to critique the power structures ...
narratives. African Studies scholar Sheila Petty notes, "unlike other African filmmakers of the late 1960s and early 1970s whose films were structured around essentialist nationalist discourse focused on the binary opposition of African values versus cultural alienation, Mambéty sought to expose the diversity of real life". According to critics like Petty, his films were an expression of an African sensibility neither locked into narrow nationalism nor into colonial French culture. Instead of rejecting or elevating one as more or less authentically African, Mambéty confronted and engaged with postindependent Africa's complexities and contradictions. Montage sequences in his films that are overflowing with symbols and sounds of traditional and modern Africa, as well as contemporary European culture, depict hybridity. In addition, his own editing and narrative style are a confluence of the ancient
griot A griot (; ; Manding languages, Manding: or (in N'Ko script, N'Ko: , or in French spelling); also spelt Djali; or / ; ) is a West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet, and/or musician. Griots are masters of communicatin ...
ic tradition of tribal storytelling and modern
avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...
techniques. Mambéty was interested in transforming conflicting, mixed elements into a usable African culture, and in his words, "reinvent ngcinema". Other common thematic concerns in Mambéty's films are power, wealth and delusion. Offering a cynical view of humanity in his last feature-length film, '' Hyènes'', Mambéty implicates Africans themselves for a continuing dependency on the West. Through the film and in many interviews, the director suggests that Africans are short-sighted in looking to the colonial past for their future, and are misled by their unrestrained desires for material goods that ensure Africa's dependency on foreign aid. Ultimately, however, Mambéty transmitted a message of hopefulness in his final films, which elevate the "little people," as the bearers of a positive and new Africa. "The only truly consistent, unaffected people in the world," Mambéty once said of the marginalized, "for whom every morning brings the same question: how to preserve what is essential to themselves". Vlad Dima, a professor of French studies, describes Mambéty's alternation "between synchronous and asynchronous sound" in his films as a way for viewers to move from a "visual plane" to an "aural narrative" plane. Dima provides an example of this technique as seen in the opening scene of '' Contras'city'' when French classical music accompanies the visual of the French-style Dakar City Hall building; it is then interrupted by the Senegalese flag, a disruption of the music, and a voiceover of someone saying "Dakar."


Filmography


Feature films

*'' Badou Boy'' (1970) *'' Touki Bouki'' (also called ''The Journey of the Hyena'') (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes and Special Jury Prize
Moscow Film Festival The Moscow International Film Festival (, translit. ''Moskóvskiy myezhdunaródniy kinofyestivál''; abbreviated as MIFF) is a film festival first held in Moscow in 1935 and became regular since 1959. From its inception to 1959, it was hel ...
*'' Hyènes'' (1992) *'' Le Franc'' (1994) *'' La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (1999)


Short films

*'' Contras'city'' (1968) *'' Parlons Grand-mère (Let's talk Grandmother)'' (1989)


Personal life

Mambéty was the older brother of musician Wasis Diop and the uncle of actress and director Mati Diop, Wasis Diop's daughter. He was the father of Teemour Diop Mambety.


See also

*
African cinema Cinema of Africa covers both the History of film, history and present of the Filmmaking, making or screening of films on the African continent, and also refers to the persons involved in this form of audiovisual culture. It dates back to the ear ...


References

*Thackway, Melissa ''Africa shoots back : alternative perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African film ''Bloomington : Indiana University Press; Oxford : James Currey; Cape Town : David Philip, 2003. *Russell, Sharon A. ''Guide to African Cinema'' Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1998.
"Sinemaabi a dialogue with Djibril Diop Mambety" by Beti Ellerson Poulenc
*Sada Niang: ''Djibril Diop Mambety: un cinéaste à contre-courant'', Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 2002 *Clements, Clare: "Meandering through Dakar. Flâneurs, Fragmentation and the Flow of Life in Djibil Diop Mambéty’s Cinema of Wanderers", in: ''manycinemas'' 2/2011, 16–29


External links



* {{DEFAULTSORT:Mambety, Djibril Diop 1945 births 1998 deaths Deaths from lung cancer in France Lebou people Senegalese film directors Male actors from Dakar Wolof people Senegalese Muslims