''Dichterliebe'', ''A Poet's Love'' (composed 1840), is the best-known

song cycle A song cycle () is a group, or cycle (music), cycle, of individually complete Art song, songs designed to be performed in sequence, as a unit.Susan Youens, ''Grove online'' The songs are either for solo voice or an ensemble, or rarely a combinat ...

Robert Schumann Robert Schumann (; ; 8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and music critic of the early Romantic music, Romantic era. He composed in all the main musical genres of the time, writing for solo piano, voice and piano, chamber ...

( Op. 48). The texts for its 16 songs come from the ''Lyrisches Intermezzo'' by

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; ; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was an outstanding poet, writer, and literary criticism, literary critic of 19th-century German Romanticism. He is best known outside Germany for his ...

, written in 1822–23 and published as part of Heine's ''Das Buch der Lieder''. Along with the song cycles of

Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; ; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical period (music), Classical and early Romantic music, Romantic eras. Despite his short life, Schubert left behind a List of compositions ...

(''

Die schöne Müllerin ' (,"The Fair Maid of the Mill", Op. 25, D. 795), is a song cycle by Franz Schubert from 1823 based on 20 poems by Wilhelm Müller. It is the first of Schubert's two seminal cycles (preceding ''Winterreise'')'','' and a pinnacle of ''Lied'' r ...

'' and ''

Winterreise ''Winterreise'' (, ''Winter Journey'') is a song cycle for voice and piano by Franz Schubert (Schubert Thematic Catalogue, D. 911, published as Opus number, Op. 89 in 1828), a setting of 24 Poetry, poems by German poet Wilhelm Müller. It is the ...

''), Schumann's form the core of the genre in musical literature.

Source: Heine's ''Lyrisches Intermezzo''

Author of the sarcastic ''Die Romantische Schule'', Heine was a vocal critic of German

romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to advocate for the importance of subjec ...

, though he is often described as a quintessentially Romantic writer. In some of his poetry, and notably in '' Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen'' (1844), romantic lyrical conventions are used as vessels to deploy biting, satirical nature. ''Dichterliebe'' was composed before Heine's ''Deutschland'' and does not ''appear'' to portray this ironic dimension: scholarship is divided as to what extent Schumann intended to express it. Heine's ''Lyrisches Intermezzo'' consists of a verse Prologue and 65 poems. The Prologue (''Es war 'mal ein Ritter trübselig und stumm'' – ''There once was a Knight, woeful and silent'') tells of the sorrowful knight who sits gloomily in his house all day, but by night is visited by his fairy ( nixie) bride, and dances with her until daylight returns him to his little poet's room (''Poeten-stübchen''). The 65 poems follow, of which the 16 of the ''Dichterliebe'' are a selection. The conclusion of it is that he is going to put the old bad songs and dreams, all his sorrowful love and suffering, into a huge coffin that 12 giants will throw into the sea. This catastrophe is slightly reminiscent of Schubert's ''Die schöne Müllerin'', in which the hero ends by drowning himself in the brook he has followed through the cycle.

Song cycle

''Das Buch der Lieder'' was given its second edition, with preface from Paris, in 1837, the songs were composed in 1840, and the first edition of ''Dichterliebe'' was published in two volumes by Peters, in

Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...

, in 1844. In the original 1840 version with the 20 songs (originally dedicated to

Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include symphonie ...

), the cycle had the following, longer title: "Gedichte von Heinrich Heine – 20 Lieder und Gesänge aus dem Lyrischen Intermezzo im Buch der Lieder ("Poetry by Heinrich Heine – 20 Lyrics and Songs from the Lyric Intermezzo in the Book of Songs")". Though Schumann originally set 20 songs to Heine's poems, only 16 of the 20 were included in the first edition. ''Dein Angesicht'' (Heine no. 5) is one of the omitted items. ''Auf Flügeln des Gesanges'', On Wings of Song (Heine no 9), is best known from a setting by

Felix Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic music, Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions inc ...

. The famed introduction to the first song, ''Im wunderschönen Monat Mai'', is a direct quotation from Clara Wieck-Schumann's Piano Concerto in A minor (1835). It comes from the third beat of measure 30 through the second beat of measure 34 of the second movement. Robert uses the same key, same melodic pattern, similar accompaniment textures, tempo and rhythmic patterns in measures 1 through 4 of the opening to ''Dichterliebe''. The poems' very natural, almost hypersensitive affections are mirrored in Schumann's settings, with their miniaturist chromaticism and suspensions. The poet's love is a hothouse of nuanced responses to the delicate language of flowers, dreams and fairy tales. Schumann adapts the poems' text to his needs, sometimes repeating phrases and often rewording a line to supply the desired cadence. ''Dichterliebe'' is therefore an integral artistic work apart from the ''Lyrisches Intermezzo'', though derived from and inspired by it. Schubert's selection of lyrics for his Heine songs sought different themes. Although often associated with the male voice, ''Dichterliebe'' was dedicated to the soprano

Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient ( Schröder; 6 December 180426 January 1860), was a German operatic soprano. As a singer, she combined a rare quality of tone with dramatic intensity of expression, which was as remarkable on the concert platform as ...

, so the precedent for performance by female voice is primary. The first complete public recital of the work in London was given by

Harry Plunket Greene Harry Plunket Greene (24 June 1865 – 19 August 1936) was an Irish baritone who was most famous in the formal concert and oratorio repertoire. He wrote and lectured on his art, and was active in the field of musical competitions and examinatio ...

, accompanied from memory by

Leonard Borwick Leonard Borwick (26 February 1868 – 15 September 1925) was an English concert pianist especially associated with the music of Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms. Early training and debuts Born in Walthamstow, Essex, of a Staffordshire fam ...

, on 11 January 1895 at London's St James's Hall.

Songs

(The synopses here are made from the Heine texts.) # ''Im wunderschönen Monat Mai'' (Heine, Lyrical Intermezzo no 1). ("In beautiful May, when the buds sprang, love sprang up in my heart: in beautiful May, when the birds all sang, I told you my desire and longing.") # ''Aus meinen Tränen sprießen'' (Heine no 2). ("Many flowers spring up from my tears, and a nightingale choir from my sighs: If you love me, I'll pick them all for you, and the nightingale will sing at your window.") # ''Die Rose, die Lilie, die Taube, die Sonne'' (Heine no 3). ("I used to love the rose, lily, dove and sun, joyfully: now I love only the little, the fine, the pure, the One: you yourself are the source of them all.") # ''Wenn ich in deine Augen seh'' (Heine no 4). ("When I look in your eyes all my pain and woe fades: when I kiss your mouth I become whole: when I recline on your breast I am filled with heavenly joy: and when you say, 'I love you', I weep bitterly.") # ''Ich will meine Seele tauchen'' (Heine no 7). ("I want to bathe my soul in the chalice of the lily, and the lily, ringing, will breathe a song of my beloved. The song will tremble and quiver, like the kiss of her mouth which in a wondrous moment she gave me.") # ''Im Rhein, im heiligen Strome'' (Heine no 11). ("In the Rhine, in the sacred stream, great holy Cologne with its great cathedral is reflected. In it there is a face painted on golden leather, which has shone into the confusion of my life. Flowers and cherubs float about Our Lady: the eyes, lips and cheeks are just like those of my beloved.") # ''Ich grolle nicht'' (Heine no 18). ("I do not chide you, though my heart breaks, love ever lost to me! Though you shine in a field of diamonds, no ray falls into your heart's darkness. I have long known it: I saw the night in your heart, I saw the serpent that devours it: I saw, my love, how empty you are.") # ''Und wüßten's die Blumen, die kleinen'' (Heine no 22). ("If the little flowers only knew how deeply my heart is wounded, they would weep with me to heal my suffering, and the nightingales would sing to cheer me, and even the starlets would drop from the sky to speak consolation to me: but they can't know, for only One knows, and it is she that has torn my heart asunder.") # ''Das ist ein Flöten und Geigen'' (Heine no 20). ("There is a blaring of flutes and violins and trumpets, for they are dancing the wedding-dance of my best-beloved. There is a thunder and booming of kettle-drums and shawms. In between, you can hear the good cupids sobbing and moaning.") # ''Hör' ich das Liedchen klingen'' (Heine no 40). ("When I hear that song which my love once sang, my breast bursts with wild affliction. Dark longing drives me to the forest hills, where my too-great woe pours out in tears.") # ''Ein Jüngling liebt ein Mädchen'' (Heine no 39). ("A youth loved a maiden who chose another: the other loved another girl, and married her. The maiden married, from spite, the first and best man that she met with: the youth was sickened at it. It's the old story, and it's always new: and the one whom she turns aside, she breaks his heart in two.") # ''Am leuchtenden Sommermorgen'' (Heine no 45). ("On a sunny summer morning I went out into the garden: the flowers were talking and whispering, but I was silent. They looked at me with pity, and said, 'Don't be cruel to our sister, you sad, death-pale man.'") # ''Ich hab' im Traum geweinet'' (Heine no 55). ("I wept in my dream, for I dreamt you were in your grave: I woke, and tears ran down my cheeks. I wept in my dreams, thinking you had abandoned me: I woke, and cried long and bitterly. I wept in my dream, dreaming you were still good to me: I woke, and even then my floods of tears poured forth.") # ''Allnächtlich im Traume'' (Heine no 56). ("I see you every night in dreams, and see you greet me friendly, and crying out loudly I throw myself at your sweet feet. You look at me sorrowfully and shake your fair head: from your eyes trickle the pearly tear-drops. You say a gentle word to me and give me a sprig of cypress: I awake, and the sprig is gone, and I have forgotten what the word was.") # ''Aus alten Märchen winkt es'' (Heine no 43). "(The old fairy tales tell of a magic land where great flowers shine in the golden evening light, where trees speak and sing like a choir, and springs make music to dance to, and songs of love are sung such as you have never heard, till wondrous sweet longing infatuates you! Oh, could I only go there, and free my heart, and let go of all pain, and be blessed! Ah! I often see that land of joys in dreams: then comes the morning sun, and it vanishes like smoke.") # ''Die alten, bösen Lieder'' (Heine no 65). ("The old bad songs, and the angry, bitter dreams, let us now bury them, bring a large coffin. I shall put very much therein, I shall not yet say what: the coffin must be bigger than the great tun at

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; ; ) is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fifth-largest city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with a population of about 163,000, of which roughly a quarter consists of studen ...

. And bring a bier of stout, thick planks, they must be longer than the Bridge at

Mainz Mainz (; #Names and etymology, see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is List of cities in Germany by population, Germany's 35th-largest city. It lies in ...

. And bring me too twelve giants, who must be mightier than the

Saint Christopher Saint Christopher (, , ; ) is venerated by several Christian denominations. According to these traditions, he was a martyr killed in the reign of the 3rd-century Roman Empire, Roman emperor Decius (), or alternatively under the emperor Maximin ...

in the

cathedral A cathedral is a church (building), church that contains the of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, Annual conferences within Methodism, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually s ...

Cologne Cologne ( ; ; ) is the largest city of the States of Germany, German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city pr ...

. They must carry away the coffin and throw it in the sea, because a coffin that large needs a large grave to put it in. Do you know why the coffin must be so big and heavy? I will put both my love and my suffering into it.")

Recordings

These are some landmarks among the many recordings of ''Dichterliebe'': *

Ian Bostridge Ian Charles Bostridge CBE (born 25 December 1964) is an English tenor, well known for his performances as an opera and lieder singer. Early life and education Bostridge was born in London, the son of Leslie Bostridge and Lillian (née Clark). ...

with

Julius Drake Julius Drake (born 5 April 1959) is an English pianist who works as a song recital accompanist and chamber musician. Biography Drake was educated at the Purcell School and the Royal College of Music; he made his professional debut at the Purcell ...

(1998) *

Suzanne Danco Suzanne Danco (22 January 191110 August 2000) was a Belgian international soprano whose career encompassed the opera stages of Europe from Mozart to 20th century roles, recitals, recordings of opera and songs, and later teaching.Shawe-Taylor, Desm ...

with Guido Agosti, 1949, (Decca 78rpm AK 2310–12). *

Thom Denijs The surname Thom is of Scottish origin, from the city of Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire and Angus, and is a sept of the Clan MacThomas. Thom is also a first-name variant of the abbreviation "Tom" of "Thomas" that holds the "h". People with the surname ...

(tenor) with Enni Denijs-Kroyt, 1928 (First complete electric-microphone recording) (

His Master's Voice His Master's Voice is an entertainment trademark featuring a dog named Nipper, curiously peering into the horn of a wind-up gramophone. Painted by Francis Barraud in 1898, the image has since become a global symbol used across consumer elect ...

78rpm D2062-64). *

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (; 28 May 1925 – 18 May 2012) was a German lyric baritone and conductor of classical music. One of the most famous Lieder (art song) performers of the post-war period, he is best known as a singer of Franz Schubert's ...

with

Alfred Brendel Alfred Brendel (born 5 January 1931) is a Czech-born Austrian classical pianist, poet, author, composer, and lecturer who is noted for his performances of Mozart, Schubert and Beethoven. Biography Brendel was born in Wizemberk, Czechoslovakia ...

(Philips CD Dig 416 352–2). * Fischer-Dieskau with

Jörg Demus Jörg Wolfgang Demus (2 December 1928 – 16 April 2019) was an Austrian classical pianist who appeared internationally and made many recordings. He was also a composer and a lecturer at music academies. In composition and playing, he focused on ...

, EMG review November 1957 (DGG LPM 18370) * Fischer-Dieskau with

Christoph Eschenbach Christoph Eschenbach (; born 20 February 1940) is a German pianist and conductor. Early life Eschenbach was born on 20 February 1940 in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) as Christoph Ringmann. His parents were Margarethe (née Jaross), a ...

(1973–77) (DGG CD 439 417–2). * Fischer-Dieskau with

Vladimir Horowitz Vladimir Samoylovich Horowitz (November 5, 1989) was a Russian and American pianist. Considered one of the greatest pianists of all time, he was known for his virtuoso technique, timbre, and the public excitement engendered by his playing. Life ...

(live recording, 1976) (Sony Classical 074644674323). *

Wolfgang Holzmair Wolfgang Holzmair (born 1952 in Vöcklabruck) is an Austrian baritone. Holzmair studied at the Vienna Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. He won 2nd prize in the baritone class of the 's-Hertogenbosch International Vocal Competition in 1981, an ...

with

Imogen Cooper Dame Imogen Cooper, (born 28 August 1949) is an English pianist. Biography Cooper was born in North London, daughter of the musicologist Martin du Pré Cooper and artist Mary Stewart. She grew up surrounded by music through her parents and h ...

(Philips Dig 446 086–2). *

Gerhard Hüsch Gerhard Heinrich Wilhelm Fritz Hüsch (2 February 190123 November 1984) was one of the most important German singers of modern times. A lyric baritone, he specialized in ''Lieder'' but also sang, to a lesser extent, German and Italian opera. ...

with Hanns Udo Müller (1930s) (HMV 78rpm). *

Lotte Lehmann Charlotte "Lotte" Pauline Sophie Lehmann (February 27, 1888 – August 26, 1976) was a German-American dramatic soprano noted for her successful performances with international opera houses, on the recital stage and in teaching.She gave memorable ...

with

Bruno Walter Bruno Walter (born Bruno Schlesinger, September 15, 1876February 17, 1962) was a Germany, German-born Conducting, conductor, pianist, and composer. Born in Berlin, he escaped Nazi Germany in 1933, was naturalised as a French people, French cit ...

(1940s) (Philips Minigroove LP ABL 3166, Columbia 10" LP 33C1020). *

Walther Ludwig Walther Ludwig (17 March 1902 – 15 May 1981) was a German operatic lyric tenor, particularly associated with Mozart roles and Schubert lieder. Biography He was born on 17 March 1902 in Bad Oeynhausen. He first studied medicine in Freiburg befo ...

with

Michael Raucheisen Michael Raucheisen (10 February 1889, Rain, Swabia - 27 May 1984, Beatenberg) was a German pianist and song accompanist. Life and career Music was inherited, for the young Michael. His father, by vocation a master-glazier, was organist, church ch ...

, EMG review April 1955 (DGG LP 16029) *

Charles Panzéra Charles uguste LouisPanzéra (February 16, 1896 in Geneva – June 6, 1976 in Paris) was a Swiss people, Swiss operatic and concert baritone. Overview Panzéra's studies at the Conservatoire de Paris, Paris Conservatory under the tuition of ...

(baritone) with

Alfred Cortot Alfred Denis Cortot ( , ; 26 September 187715 June 1962) was a French pianist, conductor, and teacher who was one of the most renowned classical musicians of the 20th century. A pianist of massive repertory, he was especially valued for his po ...

(HMV DB 4987–89). *

Ian Partridge Ian Partridge (born 12 June 1938) is a retired English lyric tenor, whose repertoire ranged from Monteverdi, Bach and Handel, the Elizabethan lute songs, German, French and English songs, through to Schoenberg, Weill and Britten, and on to co ...

with Jennifer Partridge, 1974 (CfP CD CFP 4651) *

Peter Pears Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears ( ; 22 June 19103 April 1986) was an English tenor. His career was closely associated with the composer Benjamin Britten, his personal and professional partner for nearly forty years. Pears' musical career started ...

with

Benjamin Britten Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten of Aldeburgh (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, o ...

Aksel Schiøtz Aksel Schiøtz (1 September 190619 April 1975) was a Danish tenor and later baritone, who was considered one of Europe's leading lieder singers of the post-World War II period.Alan Blyth"Review: The Singer and His Art by Aksel Schiøtz" ''The Musi ...

with

Gerald Moore Gerald Moore (30 July 1899 – 13 March 1987) was an English classical pianist best known for his career as a collaborative pianist for many distinguished musicians. Among those with whom he was closely associated were Dietrich Fischer-Diesk ...

(1946), (HMV 78rpm DB 6270–72, HMV BLP 1064). *

Peter Schreier Peter Schreier (29 July 1935 – 25 December 2019) was a German tenor in opera, concert and lied, and a conductor. He was regarded as one of the leading lyric tenors of the 20th century. Schreier was a member of the Dresdner Kreuzchor conduct ...

with

Norman Shetler Norman Shetler (16 June 1931 – 25 June 2024) was an American-born pianist, puppeteer, puppet constructor and piano professor who lived most of his adult life in Austria. Life and career Norman Shetler was born in Dubuque, Iowa, on 16 June 1931. ...

(issued 1972) (DGG LP 2530 353). * Schreier with

(issued 1991) (Teldec 3 CDs 2292–46154). * Bernhard Schütz with Reinhold Friedl (issued 2011) (Bôłt CD BR POP01). *

Gérard Souzay Gérard Souzay (8 December 1918 – 17 August 2004) was a French baritone, regarded as one of the very finest interpreters of mélodie (French art song) in the generation after Charles Panzéra and Pierre Bernac. Background and education He w ...

with Dalton Baldwin, 1962 (Philips CD 442 741–2). * Souzay with Jacqueline Bonneau, 1953 (Decca CD 440 065–2) * Souzay with

(Live, Paris 1956) (Italian Cetra LP LO 501). *

José van Dam Joseph, Baron Van Damme (born 25 August 1940 in Brussels), known as José van Dam, is a Belgian bass-baritone, described as having "a magnificent resonant and expressive voice" and being "an excellent actor". Life and career At the age of 17, h ...

with Dalton Baldwin (''Kerner lieder'' and ''Dichterliebe'') (Forlane CD B0000541 FL). * Georgy Vinogradov with Georg Orentlicher, 1950–1951. In Russian (Preiser Records, CD. PR89118). *

Fritz Wunderlich Friedrich "Fritz" Karl Otto Wunderlich (26 September 1930 – 17 September 1966) was a German lyric tenor, famed for his singing of the Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart repertory and various lieder. He died in an accident aged 35. Biography Wunde ...

with Hubert Giesen (DGG CD 449 7472).

In literature

*''Dichterliebe'' is prominently featured in

Jon Marans ''Old Wicked Songs'' is a two-character play written by Jon Marans. It was his first play, first performed in 1995, and received a nomination for the 1996 Pulitzer Prize in Drama. Productions ''Old Wicked Songs'' was first produced at the Waln ...

's play ''

Old Wicked Songs ''Old Wicked Songs'' is a two-character play written by Jon Marans. It was his first play, first performed in 1995, and received a nomination for the 1996 Pulitzer Prize in Drama. Productions ''Old Wicked Songs'' was first produced at the Waln ...

''. In the play, a young American pianist travels to Europe to overcome an artistic block that threatens his career. Through his work with a renowned

Viennese Viennese may refer to: * Vienna, the capital of Austria * Viennese people, List of people from Vienna * Viennese German, the German dialect spoken in Vienna * Viennese classicism * Viennese coffee house, an eating establishment and part of Viennese ...

musician with a checkered past, he explores the nature of meaning and artistry through Schumann's music. The play takes its name from the cycle's final song. *The first song, ''Im wunderschönen Monat Mai'', plays a key role in

Julio Cortázar Julio Florencio Cortázar (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984; ) was an Argentine and naturalised French novelist, short story writer, poet, essayist, and translator. Known as one of the founders of the Latin American Boom, Cortázar influenc ...

's short story " The Secret Weapons". *In

Michael Nyman Michael Laurence Nyman, Order of the British Empire, CBE (born 23 March 1944) is an English composer, pianist, libretto, librettist, musicologist, and filmmaker. He is known for numerous film soundtrack, scores (many written during his lengthy ...

's chamber opera '' The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat'', one of the protagonists sings ''Ich grolle nicht''. *In "

Cudzoziemka ''Cudzoziemka'' (''The Stranger'') is a Polish psychological novel by Maria Kuncewiczowa, published as a book in 1936. Earlier, the novel appeared in episodes in the newspaper (). ''Cudzoziemka'' is considered a classic of the interwar period of ...

" by Maria Kuncewiczowa the song ''Ich grolle nicht'' plays a crucial role for the protagonist.

Notes

References

*Edited by Arthur Komar. (2005). ''Schumann Dichterliebe: AN AUTHORITATIVE SCORE * HISTORICAL BACKGROUND * ESSAYS IN ANALYSIS * VIEWS AND COMMENTS'', New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

External links

*
Texts, translations, information on original and final editions, available published editions, recommended recordings, web and book bibliography

Recording performed by Anton Belov, baritone and Lydia Brown, piano
from the

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum is an art museum in Boston, Massachusetts, which houses significant examples of European, Asian, and American art. Its collection includes paintings, sculpture, tapestries, and decorative arts. It was found ...

MP3 MP3 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) is a coding format for digital audio developed largely by the Fraunhofer Society in Germany under the lead of Karlheinz Brandenburg. It was designed to greatly reduce the amount ...

format
Text and translations from ''The Lied, Art Song, and Choral Texts Archive''
{{italic title Song cycles by Robert Schumann 1840 compositions Musical settings of poems by Heinrich Heine Classical song cycles in German

Source: Heine's ''Lyrisches Intermezzo''

Song cycle

Songs

Recordings

In literature

Notes

References

Further reading

External links