Device-to-Device (D2D) communication in cellular networks is defined as direct communication between two mobile users without traversing the

Base Station Base station (or base radio station, BS) is – according to the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – a " land station in the land mobile service." A base station is called '' node B'' in 3G, '' eNB'' in L ...

(BS) or

core network A backbone or core network is a part of a computer network which interconnects networks, providing a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks. A backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same buildi ...

. D2D communication is generally non-transparent to the cellular network and it can occur on the

cellular frequencies Cellular frequencies are the sets of frequency ranges within the ultra high frequency band that have been frequency assignment, assigned for cellular-compatible mobile devices, such as mobile phones, to connect to cellular networks.Guowang Miao, ...

(i.e., inband) or unlicensed spectrum (i.e., outband). In a traditional cellular network, all communications must go through the BS even if communicating parties are in range for proximity-based D2D communication. Communication through BS suits conventional low data rate mobile services such as voice call and

text messaging Text messaging, or texting, is the act of composing and sending electronic messages, typically consisting of alphabetic and numeric characters, between two or more users of mobile phones, tablet computers, smartwatches, desktops/laptops, or ...

in which users are seldom close enough for direct communication. However, mobile users in today's cellular networks use high data rate services (e.g., video sharing, gaming, proximity-aware social networking) in which they could potentially be in range for direct communications (i.e., D2D). Hence, D2D communications in such scenarios can greatly increase the spectral efficiency of the network. The advantages of D2D communications go beyond spectral efficiency; they can potentially improve throughput, energy efficiency, delay, and fairness.

Data delivery in non-cooperative D2D communication

Existing data delivery protocols in D2D communications mainly assume that mobile nodes willingly participate in data delivery, share their resources with each other, and follow the rules of underlying networking protocols. Nevertheless, rational nodes in real-world scenarios have strategic interactions and may act selfishly for various reasons (such as resource limitations, the lack of interest in data, or social preferences).

D2D applications

D2D Communications is used for # Local Services: In local service, user data is directly transmitted between the terminals and doesn't involves network side, e.g. social media apps, which are based on proximity service. # Emergency communications: In case of natural disasters like hurricanes, earthquakes etc., the traditional communication network may not work due to the damage caused. Ad hoc network can be established via D2D which could be used for such communication in such situations. # IoT Enhancement: By combining D2D with

Internet of things Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communication networks. The IoT encompasse ...

(IoT), a truly interconnected wireless network will be created. Example of D2D-based IoT enhancement is vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). When running at high speeds, a vehicle can warn nearby vehicles in D2D mode before it changes lanes or slows down.

References

Wireless networking Telecommunications infrastructure {{telecom-stub

Data delivery in non-cooperative D2D communication

D2D applications

See also

References