Vertical position or vertical location is a position along a

vertical direction In astronomy, geography, and related sciences and contexts, a ''Direction (geometry, geography), direction'' or ''plane (geometry), plane'' passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point. ...

(the plumb line direction) above or below a given vertical datum (a reference level surface, such as

mean sea level A mean is a quantity representing the "center" of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of the set of numbers. There are several kinds of means (or "measures of central tendency") in mathematics, especially in statist ...

). Vertical distance or vertical separation is the

distance Distance is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects, points, people, or ideas are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. "two co ...

between two vertical positions. Many vertical coordinates exist for expressing vertical position: depth, height, altitude, elevation, etc. Points lying on an equigeopotential surface are said to be on the same vertical level, as in a water level. A function with domain along the vertical line is called a ''vertical distribution'' or ''vertical profile''.

Definitions

The

International Organization for Standardization The International Organization for Standardization (ISO ; ; ) is an independent, non-governmental, international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries. M ...

(ISO), more specifically ISO 19111, offers the following two definitions: * ''depth'': "distance of a point from a chosen reference surface measured downward along a line perpendicular to that surface." * ''height'': "distance of a point from a chosen reference surface measured upward along a line perpendicular to that surface"; ISO 6709 (2008 version) makes the following additional definition: * ''

altitude Altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum (geodesy), datum and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context (e.g., aviation, geometr ...

'': "height where the chosen reference surface is mean sea level" The

International Civil Aviation Organization The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international sch ...

(ICAO) offers similar definitions: Note: Annex 4 is one of the (currently) 19 annexes to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation
ICAO Doc. 7300
. * ''

'': "the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from the mean sea level (MSL);" *''height'': "the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specific datum." ICAO further defines: * ''

elevation The elevation of a geographic location (geography), ''location'' is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational equipotenti ...

'': "the vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level." I.e., elevation would be the altitude of the ground or a building.

Derived quantities

Several

physical quantities A physical quantity (or simply quantity) is a property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as a ''value'', which is the algebraic multiplication of a '' numerical value'' and a '' ...

may be defined based on the definitions above: * Depth below seafloor * Depth in a well * Drying height * Dynamic height * Ellipsoidal height * Geocentric altitude * Geopotential * Height above mean sea level * Height above average terrain * Height above ground level * Measured depth *

Normal height Normal heights (symbol H^* or H^N; SI unit metre, m) is a type of height above sea level introduced by the Soviet scientist Mikhail Molodenskii. The normal height of a point is defined as the quotient of a point's geopotential number ''C'' (i.e. it ...

* Orthometric height * Thickness (geology) * True vertical depth

Units

Vertical distance quantities, such as orthometric height, may be expressed in various units: metres, feet, etc. Certain vertical coordinates are not based on

length Length is a measure of distance. In the International System of Quantities, length is a quantity with Dimension (physical quantity), dimension distance. In most systems of measurement a Base unit (measurement), base unit for length is chosen, ...

, for example, geopotential numbers have units of m²/s². Normalization by a constant nominal gravity value (units of m/s²) yields units of metre, as in geopotential height (based on

standard gravity The standard acceleration of gravity or standard acceleration of free fall, often called simply standard gravity and denoted by or , is the nominal gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth. It is a constant ...

) or dynamic height (based on normal gravity at 45 degrees latitude). Despite the physical dimension and unit of length, the vertical coordinate does not represent distance in

physical space Space is a three-dimensional continuum containing positions and directions. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions. Modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless fo ...

, as would be measured with a ruler or

tape measure A tape measure or measuring tape is a long, flexible ruler used to measure length or distance. It usually consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibreglass, or metal (usually - hard steel alloy) strip with linear measurement markings. Types Ta ...

. Sometimes a ''geopotential metre'' (symbol gpm or m') or ''dynamic metre'' is introduced for emphasis. However, this practice is not acceptable with the

International System of Units The International System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviation SI (from French ), is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement. It is the only system of measurement with official s ...

(SI). Another non-SI unit is the ''vertical metre'', introduced when there may be confusion between vertical, horizontal, or slant distances. It is used for distance climbed during sports such as

mountaineering Mountaineering, mountain climbing, or alpinism is a set of outdoor activities that involves ascending mountains. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor climbing, skiing, and traversing via ferratas that have become mounta ...

skiing Skiing is the use of skis to glide on snow for basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International S ...

hiking A hike is a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails or footpaths in the countryside. Walking for pleasure developed in Europe during the eighteenth century. Long hikes as part of a religious pilgrimage have existed for a much longer time. "Hi ...

running Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion by which humans and other animals move quickly on foot. Running is a gait with an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions). This is in contrast to walkin ...

cycling Cycling, also known as bicycling or biking, is the activity of riding a bicycle or other types of pedal-driven human-powered vehicles such as balance bikes, unicycles, tricycles, and quadricycles. Cycling is practised around the world fo ...

Nash, Mike, ''Exploring Prince George: A Guide to North Central B. C. Outdoors'', Vancouver: Rocky Mountain Books, 2004, p. 105. In German-speaking countries the abbreviation 'Hm' for ''Höhenmeter'' ("height metre") is used; if it is preceded by a '±' it refers to the cumulative elevation gain.

Determination

Various instruments and techniques may be used for measuring or determining vertical position: * Altimeter * Bathymetry *

Benchmark (surveying) The term benchmark, bench mark, or survey benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a le ...

* Depth gauge *

Depth sounding Depth sounding, often simply called sounding, is measuring the depth of a body of water. Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water, such as the seabed topography. Soundings were traditional ...

* Hypsometer *

Topography Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the landforms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary sci ...

Tide gauge A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum. It is also known as a mareograph, marigraph, and sea-level recorder. When applied to freshwater continental water body, water bodies, the instrument may ...

* Water level (device)

Phenomena

Many physical phenomena are related to vertical position, as driven by

gravity In physics, gravity (), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, a mutual attraction between all massive particles. On Earth, gravity takes a slightly different meaning: the observed force b ...

: *

Hydraulic head Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a measurement related to liquid pressure (normalized by specific weight) and the liquid elevation above a vertical datum., 410 pages. See pp. 43–44., 650 pages. See p. 22, eq.3.2a. It is usually meas ...

** Stage (hydrology) *

Isostasy Isostasy (Greek wikt:ἴσος, ''ísos'' 'equal', wikt:στάσις, ''stásis'' 'standstill') or isostatic equilibrium is the state of gravity, gravitational mechanical equilibrium, equilibrium between Earth's crust (geology), crust (or lithosph ...

Mean sea level A mean is a quantity representing the "center" of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of the set of numbers. There are several kinds of means (or "measures of central tendency") in mathematics, especially in statist ...

** Geoid ** Sea surface height * Temperature lapse rate *

Terrain Terrain (), alternatively relief or topographical relief, is the dimension and shape of a given surface of land. In physical geography, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientati ...

Digital terrain model A digital elevation model (DEM) or digital surface model (DSM) is a 3D computer graphics representation of elevation data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a planet, Natural satellite, moon, or asteroid. A "global DEM" refer ...

Topographic prominence In topography, prominence or relative height (also referred to as autonomous height, and shoulder drop in US English, and drop in British English) measures the height of a mountain or hill's summit relative to the lowest contour line encircling ...

* Vertical displacement **

Post-glacial rebound Post-glacial rebound (also called isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses after the removal of the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, which had caused isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound an ...

Subsidence Subsidence is a general term for downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface, which can be caused by both natural processes and human activities. Subsidence involves little or no horizontal movement, which distinguishes it from slope mov ...

Tectonic uplift Tectonic uplift is the orogeny, geologic uplift of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface that is attributed to plate tectonics. While Isostasy, isostatic response is important, an increase in the mean elevation of a region can only occur in response to ...

Definitions

Derived quantities

Units

Determination

Phenomena

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links