A deep energy retrofit (DER) is an

energy conservation Energy conservation is the effort to reduce wasteful energy consumption by using fewer energy services. This can be done by using energy more effectively (using less and better sources of energy for continuous service) or changing one's behavi ...

project in an existing building that leads to an overall improvement in building performance. While there is no exact definition for a deep energy retrofit, it can be characterized as a whole-building analysis and construction process that aims to reduce on-site energy use by 50% or more using existing technologies, materials and construction practices.Less, Brennan, et al. "Deep Energy Retrofit x 10." Home Energy, vol. 29, no. 3, 2012, p. 38."The Retrofit Depot", Rocky Mountain Institute, 2018, https://www.rmi.org/our-work/buildings/deep-retrofit-tools-resources/deep-retrofit-case-studies/. Accessed Dec 2018. Reductions are calculated against baseline energy use using data from utility bills. Such a retrofit reaps multifold (energy and non-energy) benefits beyond energy cost savings, unlike conventional energy retrofit. It may also involve remodeling the building to achieve a harmony in energy, indoor air quality, durability, and thermal comfort.Cluett, Rachel, and Jennifer Amann. "Residential Deep Energy Retrofits." American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 11 Mar. 2014, aceee.org/research-report/a1401. An integrated project delivery method is recommended for a deep energy retrofit project.Less, Brennan, and Iain Walker
"Deep Energy Retrofit Guidance for the Building America Solutions Center."
Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. California: United States Government, 2015. An over-time approach in a deep energy retrofitting project provides a solution to the large upfront costs problem in all-at-once execution of the project. A deep energy retrofit is a whole-building analysis and construction process that achieves much larger energy savings than conventional energy retrofits. Deep energy retrofits can be applied to both residential and non-residential ("commercial") buildings. A deep energy retrofit typically results in energy savings of 30 percent or more, perhaps spread over several years, and may significantly improve the building value.

Climate Change

82% of final

energy consumption Energy consumption is the amount of energy used. Biology In the body, energy consumption is part of energy homeostasis. It derived from food energy. Energy consumption in the body is a product of the basal metabolic rate and the physical acti ...

in buildings was supplied by

fossil fuels A fossil fuel is a flammable carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the buried remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants or microplanktons), a process that occurs within geologica ...

in 2015. The energy-related emissions account for the environmental impact due to a building. The Global Status Report 2017 prepared by the

International Energy Agency The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global energy sector. The 31 member countries and 13 associatio ...

(IEA) for the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GABC) highlights the significance of the buildings and construction sector in

global energy consumption World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of World energy resources, energy resources and its Energy consumption, consumption. The system of global energy supply consists of the energy development, Refineries, refinement, a ...

and related emissions again."Global Status Report 2017", World Green Building Council, 2016-2018, https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/global-status-report-2017. Accessed Dec 2018. Deep energy retrofits will assist in achieving the global climate goals laid down in the

Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement (also called the Paris Accords or Paris Climate Accords) is an international treaty on climate change that was signed in 2016. The treaty covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was ...

Deep energy retrofits vs. Conventional energy retrofits

Conventional energy retrofits focus on isolated system upgrades (i.e. lighting and (

HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC ) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. ...

) Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment). While these retrofits are generally simple, fast and comparatively inexpensive, deep energy retrofits, while expensive, replace systems to be more energy efficient. Deep energy retrofits require a systems-thinking approach compared to the traditional approach followed for a conventional retrofit – home weatherization or typical home performance upgrade. Systems thinking evaluates the interactions between the different isolated components in the building. For example, Home Performance with

ENERGY STAR Energy Star (trademarked ENERGY STAR) is an Efficient energy use, energy-efficiency program established in 1992. It is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The EPA ...

offers a comprehensive, whole-house approach to improving a home's energy efficiency, comfort and safety while helping to reduce the energy costs by up to 20%. In addition to the efficiency measures taken for a building, a deep energy retrofit requires occupants' proactive role in energy conservation. This approach usually takes into account all the energy uses in the home, as well as the activities of the occupants. Deep energy retrofits achieve greater energy efficiency by taking a whole-building approach, addressing many systems at once. It is usually more economical and convenient to take this approach on buildings with overall poor efficiency performance, with multiple systems nearing the end of useful life, and perhaps other reasons.

Occupant behavior

The overall success of the deep energy retrofit project can depend upon the inclusion of occupants in all the phases of the project. The phases include – project recruitment, project planning and use. Occupant behavior requires the project to focus on building owners' needs and wants as much as the technical specifications. This ascertains actual performance, cost-effectiveness, willingness to progress from a design to an actual implementation, and occupant satisfaction. Also, evidence suggests that building simulation models can become more accurate for a given structure when actual operational information, such as thermostat set-points, appliance usage, etc. are included. In Europe, for funding for retrofitting, there are unique European Union bank initiatives that offer funds or help, including the Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas initiative and the European Local Energy Assistance (ELENA) project.

Over-time Retrofit

Over-time retrofit is the implementation of a retrofit project which is planned in a step-by-step manner at intervals of time within a stipulated duration. Such an approach is usually sought for deep energy retrofits over an all-at-once approach to reduce the burden of large upfront costs. Thus, an over-time retrofit can be a more viable option when there are capital constraints. Research in the United Kingdom has demonstrated that retrofits carried out over-time can achieve levels of home performance equal to those achieved by all-at-once DERs and select projects have been successful in the United States. The pros and cons of an over-time retrofit are compared as follows: It is important to note that, for example, an overtime retrofit project could be able to stipulate the occupants' need but could perform sub-optimal technically. It could also prove to be costlier. There is a lack of tools to execute over-time projects efficiently.

Strategies to increase success

Detailed planning must be inculcated from the beginning. It is recommended to include post-occupancy evaluation at each stage of implementation to deal with modifications required in future stages. Home performance should be tracked at each stage using utility bills or feedback devices. This helps in achieving the set-target for energy consumption. It must be kept in mind to implement building envelope and passive design elements before making major heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and technology investments. This will help to reduce the load parameters for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. The technology investments should also come later to have an innovation advantage. Over-time retrofits can be guided by these strategies to be successful.

Design and Construction Process

Deep energy retrofit projects have different phases governing them – pre-panning, project planning, construction, and test out. For the design and construction process, a set of defined project needs, opportunities, goals and objectives should be created. This determines the overall project. Walker et al. provide design and construction process guidance which can be followed flexibly in deep energy retrofit projects in residential homes.

Energy efficiency measures

Cluett and Amann (2014) found the most commonly implemented efficiency measures in the US for residential buildings. They are broadly listed as follows.

Building shell improvements

* Insulation improvements, usually to the foundation walls/slabs, above grade walls, floors, roof, and attic surfaces that make up the thermal envelope * Attention to air sealing, particularly in areas that are harder to address without being paired with improvements to the insulation shell

Upgrades to heating, cooling, and hot water systems

* Upgrade to non-atmospheric vented combustion units that either vent directly outside or are electric only * Upgrade to units that are correctly sized for the heating and cooling load demands of an altered building * Improvement to or replacement of the existing distribution systems for heating, cooling, and/or hot water, including changes to ductwork, water piping, and wastewater heat recovery The deep energy retrofit specifications for various elements vary from climate to climate zones.

Process

A Level III

energy audit Energy () is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of ener ...

, as defined by

ASHRAE The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE ) is an American professional association seeking to advance heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems design and constructio ...

, is required in order to complete a commercial building deep energy retrofit. Also known as an investment grade audit, this type of energy audit features analysis of the interactions between efficiency strategies and their life cycle cost. Upon selection and implementation of measures, the energy savings are verified using the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol.

Tools

Deep energy retrofits make use of energy modelling tools that integrate with an organization's pro forma or other financial decision making mechanisms.

Smartphone A smartphone is a mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities. It typically has a touchscreen interface, allowing users to access a wide range of applications and services, such as web browsing, email, and social media, as well as multi ...

technologies have simplified the retrofit process as a number of audit and retrofit tools have appeared over the last several years to speed up retrofits and maximize efficiency in the field.

Ratings

A building that has undergone a deep energy retrofit is usually well positioned for a green building rating such as LEED.

Energy and Non-energy Benefits

There have been a number of studies to determine and quantify the benefits afforded to owners, tenants, and various other stakeholders from the successful completion of deep energy retrofits. The following tabulation by the Rocky Mountain Institute lays the efficiency measures undertaken in a deep energy retrofit project in correspondence to the building performance improvements and therefore, the quantifiable and non-quantifiable values generated from implementation of such a project.

Policy framework for retrofitting

A paradigm shift is needed to achieve the motive of

climate change mitigation Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate change mitigation actions include energy conservation, conserving energy and Fossil fuel phase-out, repl ...

through retrofitting. This shift is underpinned by a greater need to propagate behavioral change rather than just the technology implementation. The framework should move from a project focus outlook towards an understanding of a larger scale execution that includes social awareness and interests. Hence, there is the need for laying down large scale retrofitting programs that support the idea of cities as active sites to inculcate newer technologies.

Global

''"Buildings will also be particularly affected by the

effects of climate change Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an Instrumental temperature record, overall warming trend, Effects of climate change on the ...

: storms, flooding and seepages, reduced durability of some building materials and increased risk of structure damage or collapse (e.g. from severe storms) could all decrease building lifetime, while increasing health-related risks such as deteriorating indoor climate." (The GABC Global Roadmap)''Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction & UN Environment, "''GABC GLOBAL ROADMAP: TOWARDS LOW-GHG AND RESILIENT BUILDINGS REGIONAL ROADMAP''", November 2016, Web. Accessed Dec 2018. To counter the global temperature-rise problem, a decision was reached at the Paris agreement in 2015, wherein member nations pledged to maintain temperatures below 2°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. The Global Status Report 2017 underscores the importance and potential of deep energy retrofitting among other solutions in achieving climate mitigation goals. Deep energy retrofitting is one of the solutions for reducing the

carbon footprint A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country Greenhouse gas emissions, adds to the atmospher ...

of buildings. The report found that buildings & the construction industry together accounted for 36% of global final energy use & 39% of energy-related emissions. It calls for a 30% improvement, by 2030, in energy-use intensity (i.e. energy use per square meter) of the building sector, as compared to the 2015 levels, to achieve the Paris agreement goals. Though a growing number of countries have laid down policies to building energy performance improvements, a rapidly growing buildings sector, especially in developing countries, has offset those improvements. The report states that the efficiency improvements, including building envelope measures, represent nearly 2400 EJ in cumulative energy offsets to 2060 – more than all the final energy consumed by the global buildings sector over the last 20 years. The report asserts that an aggressive scaling up of deep building energy renovations of the existing global stock is one of the important steps ahead. It refers to the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GABC) Global Roadmap for building sector sustainability. The GABC Global Roadmap intends to '''accelerate the improvement of existing buildings' performance towards energy-efficient, zero GHG emissions and resilient buildings well before the end of the century taking the following steps globally: * ''Significant increase of renovation operations including energy efficiency.'' * ''Upgrade of the level of energy efficiency of each operation, in line with long-term standards.''

USA

An analysis for a 50% dip in energy consumption & carbon emissions by the US by 2050 translates to comprehensive energy efficiency retrofits in more than half the existing buildings.Nadel, Steve. 2016. Pathway to cutting U.S. energy use and carbon emissions in half. Washington, DC: ACEEE. http://aceee.org/white-paper/pathways-cutting-energy-use . The policy framework for retrofitting in the USA is directed at state and local levels. These efforts are supported by the national government. Hundreds of such programs exist, from basic energy audits and provision of financial rebates, to comprehensive programs that aim to optimize the entire house. Carine et al. summarize the elements present mostly in the best programs as: * Retrofit consultancy for consumers. * Marketing to boost the demand-supply in this industry. * Training, certification of retrofit contractors. * Provision of rebates, upfront discounts. * Investment in R&D. * Building-efficiency labelling. The Home Performance with Energy Star program is run by many bodies in the US, with the aid of the US Department of Energy. This project reports an average cost of $3500 per home retrofitted, with a distribution of 57%, 14%, 29% to homeowner incentives, contractor incentives, & administrative costs respectively. In the commercial domain, the Energy Star Program by the US Environmental Protection Agency aims to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. According to this initiative, owners benchmark their buildings on a scale of 1–100. Those scoring 75 & above receive 'Energy Star' designation; while the others are encouraged to follow upgrade strategies for better performance. Nearly 500,000 properties, representing about half of US commercial building floor area has been benchmarked as of 2016, with a total 29,500 buildings receiving the 'Energy Star' rating to that point. Some major obstacles in its path of the retrofitting industry include: * High initial investment. * Complexity of retrofits. * Lack of awareness regarding retrofitting. * Shortage of affordable financing.

UK

Retrofitting in the UK: Challenges and Policy Landscape The UK faces parallel challenges in achieving significant carbon emission reductions through retrofitting, with its own unique policy landscape. Unlike the US, where retrofitting policies often operate at state levels, UK programs are heavily influenced by central government schemes like the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) and local initiatives driven by devolved administrations. Despite these efforts, retrofitting remains complex due to a high proportion of older housing stock, a lack of skilled labor, and fragmented delivery mechanisms. Key UK programs and organizations include: The Green Homes Grant, which provided homeowners with vouchers for energy efficiency measures before its closure. The ECO4 scheme, targeting vulnerable households and aiming to reduce fuel poverty through energy efficiency upgrades. Organizations like Her Retrofit Space (https://www.herretrofitspace.com), which specifically supports women professionals in the retrofit industry and promotes sustainable refurbishment through training, CPD events, and networking opportunities. It also symbiotically supports women homeowners undertaking retrofit projects to ensure they gain impartial, tailored, community support to navigate a retrofit project. Elements of Effective Retrofitting Programs Drawing parallels from international best practices, Carine et al. summarize the key elements often present in effective retrofitting programs: Retrofit consultancy for consumers (e.g., UK-based advisory services by Energy Saving Trust). Marketing to boost the demand-supply balance in the retrofit industry. Training and certification of retrofit professionals (e.g., PAS 2035 standards in the UK). Financial incentives and grants for homeowners and landlords. Investment in R&D for innovative materials and approaches. Building-efficiency labelling systems like the UK’s Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). The UK’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 necessitates a similarly ambitious approach to retrofitting. Research shows that comprehensive retrofitting across the UK’s building stock could yield significant reductions in energy consumption and carbon emissions while addressing issues like fuel poverty and poor indoor air quality. Comparison of Costs and Frameworks In the USA, programs like Home Performance with Energy Star report an average cost of $3500 per home retrofitted, allocated across homeowner incentives (57%), contractor incentives (14%), and administrative costs (29%). In contrast, UK schemes often struggle with higher upfront costs and administrative challenges, particularly in ensuring equitable access to financial support. Commercial Retrofitting in the UK Similar to the US Energy Star Program, the UK employs initiatives like the Better Buildings Partnership (BBP) and benchmarking tools to reduce the carbon footprint of commercial properties. However, adoption rates in the UK lag behind targets due to challenges like complex property ownership structures and limited incentives for private landlords. Obstacles in the UK Retrofitting Industry The UK retrofitting sector faces several barriers: High initial investment, particularly for deep retrofits. Complexity of retrofitting older and heritage properties common in the UK. Limited consumer awareness and understanding of retrofit benefits. Shortage of skilled professionals, especially women, highlighting the importance of initiatives like Her Retrofit Space in addressing this gap. Fragmented funding mechanisms and inconsistent policy support. The UK’s success in scaling retrofits will depend on addressing these challenges while fostering collaboration between government, industry, and advocacy. This will ensure a just transition to net-zero that includes diverse voices and expertise.

Notable case studies

The Empire State Building

The

Empire State Building The Empire State Building is a 102-story, Art Deco-style supertall skyscraper in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its n ...

has undergone a deep energy retrofit process that was completed in 2013. The project team, consisting of representatives from Johnson Controls, Rocky Mountain Institute, Clinton Climate Initiative, and Jones Lang LaSalle will have achieved an annual energy use reduction of 38% and $4.4 million. For example, the 6,500 windows were remanufactured onsite into superwindows which block heat but pass light.

Air conditioning Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK), is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature, and in some cases, also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air c ...

operating costs on hot days were reduced and this saved $17 million of the project's capital cost immediately, partly funding other retrofitting. Receiving a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating in September 2011, the Empire State Building is the tallest LEED certified building in the United States.

Indianapolis City-County Building

The Indianapolis City-County Building underwent a deep energy retrofit process in 2011, which has achieved an annual energy reduction of 46% and $750,000 annual energy saving. Upon completion, the project team, consisting of representatives from the Indianapolis-Marion County Building Authority, Indianapolis Office of Sustainability, Rocky Mountain Institute, and Performance Services will have achieved an annual energy reduction of 46% and $750,000 annual energy savings.

Market sizing

United States

A business case study by

The Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropy, philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The foundation was created by Standard Oil magnate John D. Rock ...

sizes the potential of the retrofitting market in the USA. It projects a $279 billion investment opportunity. The residential sector, followed by commercial and institutional sectors, offers the largest business impact. Scaling up retrofitting efforts can create 3.3 billion direct and indirect cumulative job years in the United States.

Criticism

Cost-effectiveness

Cost effectiveness can be achieved when the annual energy cost savings can equal or exceed the annual loan costs. Their perfect balance is referred as neutral net-monthly costs. Cost effectiveness could be a key driver in decision making related to deep energy retrofit projects. A study by Less et al. (2015) found that: * The most cost-effective projects were the ones in poor conditions – low efficiency equipment and little insulation. Such buildings did not pursue deep retrofit. * The least cost effective projects were the ones having low pre-retrofit utility bills. But they had aggressive retrofit plans. Such a project cannot be said to be a failure because cost-effectiveness may not be the project goal. Less et al. (2015) found that on average, the U.S. deep energy retrofits were cash-flow neutral on a monthly basis. However, variability was large, with some projects substantially reducing net-monthly costs and others substantially increasing net-costs. Questionable cost-effectiveness is thus, seen as a barrier to widespread of deep energy retrofits.

Energy savings and evaluation

Although many modeling tools are available to assess home energy savings, the inaccuracy of their predictions (compared to actual energy use measurements) limits their usefulness.Osser, R., K. Neuhauser, K. Ueno. 2012. Proven Performance of Seven Cold Climate Deep Retrofit Homes. Somerville, MA: Building Science Corporation. Cluett et al. point that the pilot programs should monitor actual energy savings to evaluate project impact and help calibrate estimation tools.