The dean of the College of Cardinals ( la, Decanus Collegii Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalium) presides over the College of Cardinals in the

Roman Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

, serving as '' primus inter pares'' (first among equals). The position was established in the early 12th century. He always holds the rank of a

cardinal bishop A cardinal ( la, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Co ...

, and is assisted by a

vice-dean {{Unreferenced, date=June 2019 A sub-dean is a person who acts as an assistant to a dean either in church circuit as a priest or minister or an academic institution. They are, however, not a vice-dean. A vice-dean is a person who can deputize a de ...

. Both are elected by and from the cardinal bishops who are not Eastern Catholic patriarchs, with their election subject to papal confirmation. Except for presiding over the college, the dean and vice-dean have no power over the other cardinals. In the order of precedence in the Catholic Church, the dean and vice-dean, as the two most senior cardinals, are placed second and third, respectively, after the

pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

. It had been customary for centuries for the longest-serving of the six cardinal bishops of

suburbicarian sees The seven suburbicarian dioceses are Roman Catholic dioceses located in the vicinity of Rome, whose (titular) bishops are the (now six) ordinary members of the highest-ranking order of cardinals, the cardinal bishops (to which the cardinal-patriarc ...

to be the dean. This was required by canon law from 1917 until 1965, when Pope Paul VI empowered the six to elect the dean from among their number. This election was a formality until the time of Pope John Paul II. In 2019, upon accepting Cardinal Angelo Sodano's resignation as dean of the College of Cardinals,

Pope Francis Pope Francis ( la, Franciscus; it, Francesco; es, link=, Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 17 December 1936) is the head of the Catholic Church. He has been the bishop of Rome and sovereign of the Vatican City State since 13 March 2013. ...

established that the dean would henceforth serve a five-year term that may be renewed once. Sodano received the title "dean emeritus" upon resigning on 21 December 2019. In anticipation of the election of Sodano's successor, Francis said: "I am hoping they will elect someone who can carry this important responsibility full time." Previously, the dean held the position until death or resignation; there was no mandatory age of retirement.

Responsibilities

The dean summons the

conclave A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Ro ...

for the purposes of electing a new

following a death or resignation. The Dean presides over the daily meetings of the College of Cardinals in advance of the conclave and then presides over the conclave if his age does not prohibit his participation. The dean also has the responsibility of communicating the "news of the Pope's death to the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Holy See and to the Heads of the respective Nations". He is the public face of the Holy See until a new pope is elected. If he participates in the conclave, the dean asks the pope-elect if he accepts the election, and then asks the new pope what name he wishes to use. If the dean himself is elected pope, the afore mentioned tasks are assumed by the sub-dean of the College of Cardinals. If the newly elected pope is not already a

bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ...

, the dean ordains him a bishop. The dean has "the

title A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either generation, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the f ...

of the

diocese of Ostia The Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia is an ecclesiastical territory located within the Metropolitan City of Rome in Italy. It is one of the seven suburbicarian dioceses. The incumbent Bishop is cardinal Giovanni Battista Re. Since ...

, together with that of any other church to which he already has a title," such as his suburbicarian diocese. This has been the case since 1914, by decree of

Pope Pius X Pope Pius X ( it, Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of ...

—previous deans had given up their suburbicarian see and taken the joint title of Ostia and Velletri, which were separated in that same 1914 decree.

Deans elected pope

Nine Deans have been elected pope: Anastasius IV, Lucius III, Gregory IX, Alexander IV,

John XXI Pope John XXI ( la, Ioannes XXI; – 20 May 1277), born Pedro Julião ( la, Petrus Iulianus), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 September 1276 to his death on 20 May 1277. Apart from Damasus I (from ...

, Alexander VI, Paul III, Paul IV, and

Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereig ...

List of deans

The following is the list of deans of the Sacred College of Cardinals, separated into three groups to account for the Western Schism, which ended after the Council of Constance. The earliest attested reference to the "College of Cardinals" is at the Council of Reims in 1148. Each name in the following list includes years of birth and death, then comma-separated years of cardinalate and deanship.

Before the Western Schism

* Pietro Senex (d. 1134) (1102, before 1130) * Guillaume (d. 1137/39) (1122, 1130) * Corrado della Suburra (1073–1154) (1114, 1137/39)
''Elected Pope Anastasius IV in 1153'' * Imar of Tusculum (d. 1161) (1142, 1153, deposed 1159) * Gregorio de Suburra (d. 1163) (1140, 1159) * Ubaldo Allucingoli (1097–1185) (1138, 1163)
''Elected Pope Lucius III in 1181'' * Conrad of Wittelsbach (1120/25–1200) (1165, 1181) * Ottaviano di Paoli (d. 1206) (1182, 1200) * Pietro Gallocia (d. 1211) (1188, 1206) *

Nicola de Romanis Nicola may refer to: People * Nicola (name), including a list of people with the given name or, less commonly, the surname **Nicola (artist) or Nicoleta Alexandru, singer who represented Romania at the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest * Nicola people ...

(d. 1219) (1204, 1211) * Ugolino Conti di Segni (1145–1241) (1198, 1219)
''Elected Pope Gregory IX in 1227'' * Pelagio Galvani (d. 1230) (1206/07, 1227) *

Jean Halgrin John Halgren of Abbeville ( – 28 September 1237) was a French scholastic theologian and cleric. He served successively as a university professor, priest, prior, archbishop, cardinal, apostolic legate and diplomat. John was born around 1180 in A ...

(1180–1237) (1227, 1230) * Jacques de Vitry (1160/70–1240) (1228, 1237) * Rinaldo Conti (1185–1261) (1227, 1240)
''Elected

Pope Alexander IV Pope Alexander IV (1199 or 1185 – 25 May 1261) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 December 1254 to his death in 1261. Early career He was born as Rinaldo di Jenne in Jenne (now in the Province of Rome), h ...

in 1254'' * Odo of Châteauroux (1190–1273) (1244, 1254) * John of Toledo (d. 1275) (1244, 1273) * João Pedro Julião (1210–1276) (1273, 1275)
''Elected Pope John XXI in 1276'') * Bertrand de Saint-Martin (d. 1277) (1273, 1276) * Ordonho Alvares (1198–1285) (1278, 1278) *

Bentivenga dei Bentivenghi Bentivenga dei Bentivenghi, O. Min. (ca. 1230 – 25 or 26 March 1289), also written Bentivenga de Bentivengis or Bentivegna de' Bentivegni, was an Italian Franciscan and cardinal. Early life Bentivenga de Bentivengis was born in Aquasparta, in U ...

(1230–1289) (1278, 1285) * Latino Malabranca Orsini (d. 1294) (1278, 1289) *

Gerardo Bianchi Gerardo Bianchi (1220/1225 – March 1, 1302) was an Italian churchman and papal diplomat, an important figure of the War of the Sicilian Vespers. Life Gerardo was born in Gainago, in the diocese of Parma, studied law at the University of Bol ...

(1220/25–1302) (1278, 1294) *

Giovanni Boccamazza Giovanni Boccamazza (died 1309) was an Italian Cardinal. He was from the Roman nobility, and was a nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, who had been an important figure in the Roman Curia since his creation as cardinal in 1261. Early career On 14 M ...

(d. 1309) (1285, 1302) * Leonardo Patrasso (1230–1311) (1300, 1309) * Giovanni Minio de Murovalle (1250–1312) (1302, 1311) *

Nicolò Albertini Nicolò Albertini, O.P. (c. 1250 – 27 April 1321), was an Italian Dominican friar, statesman, and cardinal. Early life Albertini was born about 1250 in the city of Prato, then in the County of Prato, part of the Holy Roman Empire, to parents ...

(1250–1321) (1303, 1312) * Berengar Fredol the Elder (1250–1323) (1305, 1321) *

Berengar Fredol the Younger Berengar Fredol the Younger (died 1323), nephew of Berengar Fredol the Elder, was Bishop of Béziers in 1309, Cardinal-Priest of SS. Nereo e Achilleo in 1312 and Cardinal-Bishop of Porto in 1317. He succeeded his uncle in the post of the dean of ...

(d. 1323) (1312, 1323) *

Guillaume Godin Guillaume de Pierre Godin (Guilhem de Peyre Godin) (c. 1260 – 1336) was a French Dominican theologian, and Cardinal. Life Godin was born in Bayonne and spent his early years in south-west France.Alain Boureau, ''Satan the Heretic: The N ...

(1260–1336) (1312, 1323) *

Pierre Desprès Pierre Desprès (or Des Près, or Des Prés; ''Lat.'' de Pratis) (1288–1361) was a French Cardinal during the period of the Avignon Papacy. Biography Pierre Desprès was born in 1288, at Montpezat-de-Quercy. He was the son of Raymond II De ...

(1288–1361) (1320, 1336) * Élie de Talleyrand-Périgord (1301–1364) (1331, 1361) * Guy de Boulogne (1313–1373) (1342, 1364) * Ange de Grimoard (1315/20-1388) (1366, 1373, deposed by Urban VI in 1378, retained the post in the obedience of Avignon until 1388)

During the Western Schism

The obedience of Rome (1378–1415) *

Tommaso da Frignano Thomas of Frignano (1305–1381) was an Italian Franciscan theologian. He became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, and on 19 July 1372 was approved by Pope Gregory XI as patriarch of Grado. Tommaso wacreated a cardinalon 20 September 1 ...

(1305–1381) (1378) *

Francesco Moricotti Prignano Francesco Moricotti Prignani (Prignano) (died 1394) was an Italian bishop and Cardinal. A cardinal-nephew, he was created Cardinal in 1378 by his uncle Pope Urban VI. He was Archbishop of Pisa_from_1362._He_was_named_Bishop_of_Palestrina.html" ;" ...

(d. 1394) (1378, 1381) * Philippe d'Alençon (1338–1397) (1378, 1394) * Pietro Pileo di Prata (1330–1400) (1378, 1397) *

Angelo Acciaioli Angelo Acciaioli may refer to: * Angelo Acciaioli (bishop) (1298–1357), bishop * Angelo Acciaioli (cardinal) (1349–1408), cardinal and archbishop of Patras * Angelo Acciaioli di Cassano (fl. 1467), Italian diplomat See also * Acciaioli The Acc ...

(1349–1408) (1384, 1405) * Enrico Minutoli (d. 1412) (1389, 1408 until 1409) * Antonio Correr (1369–1445) (1408, 1409 until 1415) The obedience of Avignon (1378–1429) *Ange de Grimoard (until 1388) * Pietro Corsini (1335–1405) (1370, 1388) *

Gui de Malsec Guy de Malsec (Gui de Maillesec; also written Malésec or Malesset; ''Lat.'' Guido de Malesicco; ''It.'' Guidone) (d. 8 March 1412 at Paris) was a French bishop and cardinal. He was born at the family's fief at Malsec (Maillesec), in the diocese ...

(d. 1412) (1375, 1405, deposed 1409, retained the post in the obedience of Pisa) *

Jean Flandrin Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

(after 1301–1415) (1390, 1405) *

Julián Lobera y Valtierra Julián is the Spanish equivalent of the name Julian. Notable people with the name include: * Julián, Julián Cuesta, Spanish footballer * Julián Orbón (1925–1991) Cuban composer * Julián Carrón (1950) Spanish Catholic theologian * Julián ...

(d. 1435) (1423, 1423 until 1429) The obedience of Pisa (1409–1415) *Gui de Malsec (until 1412) * Jean Allarmet de Brogny (1342–1426) (1385, 1412 until 1415)

After the Council of Constance

* Angelo Correr (ca.1330–1417) (1415, 1415) * Jean-Allarmet de Brogny (1342–1426) (1385, 1417) * Baldassare Cossa (ca.1360/70–1419) (1419, 1419) *Jean Allarmet de Brogny ''(again)'' (1342–1426) (1385, 1419) * Angelo d'Anna de Sommariva (d. 1428) (1384, 1426) * Giordano Orsini (1360/70–1438) (1405, 1428) *Antonio Correr ''(again)'' (1369–1445) (1408, 1438) * Giovanni Berardi (1380–1449) (1439, 1445) * Amadeo de Savoy (1383–1451) (1449, 1449) * Francesco Condulmer (1390–1453) (1431, 1451) * Giorgio Fieschi (ca.1395–1461) (1439, 1453) * Isidore of Kiev (1380/90–1463) (1439, 1461) * Bessarion (1403–1472) (1439, 1463) * Guillaume d'Estouteville (1403–1483) (1439, 1472) * Rodrigo Borgia (1431–1503) (1456, 1483)
''Elected Pope Alexander VI in 1492'') * Oliviero Carafa (1430–1511) (1467, 1492) * Raffaele Riario (1461–1521) (1477, 1511) *

Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal Bernardino is a name of Italian, Hispanic, or Portuguese origin, which can refer to: Given name *Bernardino Baldi (1533–1617), Italian mathematician and writer *Bernardino Bertolotti (born 1547), Italian composer and instrumentalist *Bernardi ...

(1456–1523) (1493, 1521) * Francesco Soderini (1453–1524) (1503, 1523) * Niccolò Fieschi (1456–1524) (1503, 1524) * Alessandro Farnese (1468–1549) (1493, 1524)
''Elected Pope Paul III in 1534'') *

Giovanni Piccolomini Giovanni Piccolomini (1475–1537) was an Italian papal legate and cardinal. He was a nephew of Pope Pius III. He was made Archbishop of Siena in 1503, Bishop of Sitten in 1522, Bishop of Aquila in 1523, Bishop of Albano in 1524, Bishop of Pale ...

(1475–1537) (1517, 1535) *

Giovanni Domenico de Cupis Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (Cupi, Cuppi) (1493–1553) was an Italian Cardinal, created by Pope Leo X in the consistory of 1 July 1517. Biography He was Crown-cardinal of the Kingdom of Scotland. He was a friend of Ignatius Loyola. His mothe ...

(1493–1553) (1517, 1537) * Gian Pietro Carafa (1476–1559) (1536, 1553)
''Elected

Pope Paul IV Pope Paul IV, born Gian Pietro Carafa, C.R. ( la, Paulus IV; it, Paolo IV; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 May 1555 to his death in August 1559. While serving as pap ...

in 1555'') * Jean du Bellay (1492–1560) (1535, 1555) * François de Tournon (1489–1562) (1530, 1560) *

Rodolfo Pio de Carpi Rodolfo Pio da Carpi (22 February 1500 – 2 May 1564) was an Italian Cardinal, humanist and patron of the arts. The nephew of a diplomat, he himself became a diplomat by the age of thirty, and came to know both Emperor Charles V and King Fra ...

(1500–1564) (1536, 1562) * Francesco Pisani (1494–1570) (1517, 1564) *

Giovanni Girolamo Morone Giovanni Morone (or Moroni) (25 January 1509 – 1 December 1580) was an Italian cardinal. He was named Bishop of Modena in 1529 and was created Cardinal in 1542 by Pope Paul III. As a cardinal, he resided in the Vatican's Apostolic Palace an ...

(1509–1580) (1542, 1570) * Alessandro Farnese, juniore (1520–1589) (1534, 1580) * Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni (1519–1591) (1560, 1589) *

Alfonso Gesualdo Alfonso Gesualdo di Conza (20 October 1540 – 14 February 1603) was an Italian Cardinal starting in 1561. He was from Calitri, not far from Naples. His attendance at the papal conclave of 1565-1566 at the age of only 25 makes him one of the you ...

(1540–1603) (1561, 1591) *

Tolomeo Gallio Tolomeo Gallio (also spelled Gallo and Galli; 25 September 1527 – 3 or 4 February 1607) was an Italian Cardinal. Biography In the time of Pope Gregory XIII, he acted as papal secretary of state (in office 1572 to 1585), having a key role i ...

(1526–1607) (1565, 1603) * Domenico Pinelli (1541–1611) (1585, 1607) * Francois de Joyeuse (1562–1615) (1583, 1611) * Antonio Maria Galli (1553–1620) (1586, 1615) * Antonio Maria Sauli (1541–1623) (1587, 1620) * Francesco Maria del Monte (1549–1626) (1588, 1623) * Ottavio Bandini (1558–1629) (1596, 1626) * Giovanni Battista Deti (1576–1630) (1599, 1629) * Domenico Ginnasi (1550–1639) (1604, 1630) *

Carlo Emmanuele Pio de Savoia Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia (5 January 1585 in Ferrara – 1 June 1641 in Rome) was an Italian cardinal of the Pio di Savoia family. He was the uncle of Cardinal Carlo Pio di Savoia. Life His father was Enea Pio di Savoia, Signore di Sassuolo ...

, seniore (1585–1641) (1604, 1639) * Marcello Lante della Rovere (1561–1652) (1606, 1641) * Giulio Roma (1584–1652) (1621, 1652) ''served less than 5 months'' *

Carlo de' Medici (1595–1666) Carlo de' Medici (19 March 1595 – 17 June 1666) was the son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Christina of Lorraine. Biography Born in Florence, he had a successful career in the Church, rising to become Cardinal Bishop ...

(1615, 1652) * Francesco Barberini, seniore (1597–1679) (1623, 1666) *

Cesare Facchinetti Cesare Facchinetti (17 September 1608 – 30 January 1683) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal. Early life Facchinetti was born 17 September 1608 in Bologna. He was the son of Ludovico Facchinetti (2nd Marquis of Vianino), Senator of Bologna, Ambas ...

(1608–1683) (1643, 1680) * Niccolò Albergati-Ludovisi (1608–1687) (1645, 1683) * Alderano Cybo (1613–1700) (1645, 1687) *

Emmanuel–Theodose de la Tour d'Auvergne de Bouillon Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne, cardinal de Bouillon (24 August 1643 – 2 March 1715, Rome) was a French prelate and diplomat. Biography Originally known as the Duc d'Albret, he was the son of Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne ...

(1643–1715) (1669, 1700) * Nicola Acciaiouli (1630–1719) (1669, 1715) *

Fulvio Astalli Fulvio is a given name. Notable people with the name include: * Andrea Fulvio (c. 1470 – 1527), Renaissance humanist, poet and antiquarian of Rome, advisor to Raphael *Fulvio de Assis (born 1981), Brazilian professional basketball player *Fulvio ...

(1655–1721) (1686, 1719) * Sebastiano Antonio Tanara (1650–1724) (1695, 1721) * Francesco del Giudice (1647–1725) (1690, 1724) * Fabrizio Paolucci (1651–1726) (1697, 1725) * Francesco Pignatelli 1635 (1652–1734) (1703, 1726) * Francesco Barberini (1662–1738) (1690, 1734) * Pietro Ottoboni (1667–1740) (1689, 1738) * Tommaso Ruffo (1663–1753) (1706, 1740) * Pierluigi Carafa (1677–1755) (1728, 1753) * Rainiero d'Elci (1670–1761) (1737, 1755) * Giuseppe Spinelli (1694–1763) (1735, 1761) * Carlo Alberto Guidoboni Cavalchini (1683–1774) (1743, 1763) * Gian Francesco Albani (1720–1803) (1747, 1774)Salvador Miranda indicates that Fabrizio Serbelloni was dean of the Sacred College 1774–177

but according to G. Moroni, ''Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorn vol. LXIV'', p. 173, Serbelloni was named bishop of Ostia e Velletri on 18 April 1774 only for that reason, that Albani, who became dean at the death of Cavalchini, refused to resign the bishopric of Porto e Santa Rufina. However, Cardinal Albani eventually opted for the see of Ostia e Velletri after the death of Serbelloni in the following year ''longest deanship'' * Henry Benedict Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart (1725–1807) (1747, 1803) ''longest total cardinalate'' * Leonardo Antonelli (1730–1811) (1775, 1807) * Alessandro Mattei (1744–1820) (1779, 1814) ''vacancy caused by his exile by Napoleon'' * Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1744–1830) (1795, 1820) * Bartolomeo Pacca (1756–1844) (1801, 1830) * Lodovico Micara (1775–1847) (1824, 1844) * Vincenzo Macchi (1770–1860) (1826, 1847) *

Mario Mattei Mario Mattei (6 September 1792, Pergola, Marche – 7 October 1870) was an Italian Cardinal, of the Roman noble House of Mattei. He became Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1860. Personal life Mario Mattei was born on 6 September 1792 in Pe ...

(1792–1870) (1832, 1860) * Costantino Patrizi Naro (1798–1876) (1834, 1870) * Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso (1796–1878) (1837, 1877) * Camillo di Pietro (1806–1884) (1853, 1878) * Carlo Sacconi (1808–1889) (1861, 1884) * Raffaele Monaco La Valletta (1827–1896) (1868, 1889) * Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano (1828–1913) (1873, 1896) *

Serafino Vannutelli Serafino Vannutelli (26 November 1834 – 19 August 1915) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, a cardinal and official of the Roman Curia where he held several of the highest administrative posts. Made a cardinal in 1887, he was named ...

(1834–1915) (1887, 1913) * Vincenzo Vannutelli (1836–1930) (1889, 1915) *

Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte (10 April 1851 – 16 February 1948) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a prominent member of the Roman Curia. Biography Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte was born in ...

(1851–1948) (1911, 1930) * Francesco Marchetti-Selvaggiani (1871–1951) (1930, 1948) * Eugène Tisserant (1884–1972) (1936, 1951) * Amleto Giovanni Cicognani (1883–1973) (1958, 1972) * Luigi Traglia (1895–1977) (1960, 1974) * Carlo Confalonieri (1893–1986) (1958, 1977) * Agnelo Rossi (1913–1995) (1965, 1986, retired 1993) * Bernardin Gantin (1922–2008) (1977, 1993, retired 2002) * Joseph Ratzinger (born 1927) (1977, 2002) ''Elected

Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereign ...

in 2005'' * Angelo Sodano (1927–2022) (1991, 2005, retired 2019) * Giovanni Battista Re (born 1934) (2001, 2020)

References

{{Holy See Religious leadership roles *1