Danse Macabre (Saint-Saëns)

''Danse macabre'', Op. 40, is a symphonic poem for orchestra, written in 1874 by the French composer Camille Saint-Saëns. It premiered 24 January 1875. It is in the key of G minor. It started out in 1872 as an art song for voice and piano with a French text by the poet Henri Cazalis. In 1874, the composer expanded and reworked the piece into a symphonic poem, replacing the vocal line with a solo violin part.

Analysis

According to legend, Death appears at midnight every year on Halloween. Death calls forth the dead from their graves to dance for him while he plays his fiddle (here represented by a solo violin). His skeletons dance for him until the cockerel crows at dawn, when they must return to their graves until the next year.

The piece opens with a harp playing a single note, D, twelve times (the twelve strokes of midnight) which is accompanied by soft chords from the string section. The solo violin enters playing the tritone, which was known as the '' diabolus in musica'' ("the Devil in music") during the Medieval and Baroque eras, consisting of an A and an E—in an example of scordatura tuning, the violinist's E string has actually been tuned down to an E to create the dissonant tritone.

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The first theme is heard on a solo flute, followed by the second theme, a descending scale on the solo violin which is accompanied by soft chords from the string section. The first and second themes, or fragments of them, are then heard throughout the various sections of the orchestra. The piece becomes more energetic and at its midpoint, right after a contrapuntal section based on the second theme, there is a direct quote played by the woodwinds of '' Dies irae'', a Gregorian chant from the Requiem that is melodically related to the work's second theme. The ''Dies irae'' is presented unusually in a major key. After this section the piece returns to the first and second themes and climaxes with the full orchestra playing very strong dynamics. Then there is an abrupt break in the texture and the coda represents the dawn breaking (a cockerel's crow, played by the oboe) and the skeletons returning to their graves.

The piece makes particular use of the xylophone to imitate the sounds of rattling bones. Saint-Saëns uses a similar motif in the ''Fossils'' movement of '' The Carnival of the Animals''.

The progression and melody of the minor waltz are similar to the jibes (e.g. "their sweethearts all are dead") of the Sailors' Chorus in "Helmsman/Steersman, Leave Your Watch," which begins the third act of Wagner's earlier opera, "The Flying Dutchman".

Instrumentation

''Danse macabre'' is scored for an obbligato violin and an orchestra consisting of strings, one piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets in B, two bassoons; four horns in G and D, two trumpets in D, three trombones, one tuba; a percussion section that includes timpani, xylophone, bass drum, cymbals and triangle; and one harp.

Reception

When ''Danse macabre'' was first performed on 24 January 1875, it was not well received and caused widespread feelings of anxiety. The 21st century scholar, Roger Nichols, mentions adverse reaction to "the deformed ''Dies irae'' plainsong", the "horrible screeching from solo violin", the use of a xylophone, and "the hypnotic repetitions", in which Nichols hears a pre-echo of Ravel's ''Boléro''. Nichols, Roger (2012), Notes to Chandos CD CHSA 5104,

It has grown to be considered one of Saint-Saëns' masterpieces, widely regarded and reproduced in both high and popular culture.

Transcriptions

Shortly after the premiere, the piece was transcribed into a piano solo arrangement by Franz Liszt (S.555), a good friend of Saint-Saëns. Next to countless other piano solo transcriptions, Ernest Guiraud wrote a version for piano four hands and Saint-Saëns himself wrote a version for two pianos, and in 1877 also a version for violin and piano. In 1942, Vladimir Horowitz made extensive changes to the Liszt transcription. This version is played most often today.

There is an arrangement for Pierrot ensemble (flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano) by Tim Mulleman, and an organ transcription by Edwin Lemare. Greg Anderson created a version for two pianos, two percussionists and violin, which he titled ''Danse Macbre Baccanale''.

Usage

* The piece is played offstage during the first act of Henrik Ibsen's 1896 play '' John Gabriel Borkman.''
* The 1922 film short film '' Danse Macabre'' is one of twelve "visual symphonies" set to classical music by it director Dudley Murphy. It depicts the ballet dancers Adolph Bolm as Youth and Ruth Page as Love attempting to evade the grasp of Death ( Olin Howland) in Spain during the Black Plague.
* The piece was used for the trailer of 1922 Swedish-Danish silent horror film '' Häxan''.
* The piece is used as a recurring ironic motif in Jean Renoir's 1939 film '' The Rules of the Game'' (''La Règle du jeu''),
* The piece was used in dance performances, including those of Natalia Vladimirovna Trouhanowa in June 1911 and later by Anna Pavlova (1881–1931).
* The piece is used in the Dutch theme park '' Efteling'' in the attraction Haunted Castle (1978) and its successor ''Danse Macabre'' (2024).
* It can be heard in '' Alone in the Dark'' after setting the record on the Gramophone in the Dance Hall.
* A portion of the piece can be heard in the 1993 western film '' Tombstone'' during the performance of the stage version of '' Faust''.
* An adaptation of the piece is used as the theme music for '' Jonathan Creek'' (1997–2016), a mystery crime series on British television.
* The music was heard in a 2002 Disney animated film '' Mickey's House of Villains'' and the 1999 '' Mickey Mouse Works'' episode titled "Hansel and Gretel", starring Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse as the titular duo.
* The piece is played in the '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' episode " Hush" (1999), in which the character Rupert Giles plays the song while describing the episode's villains, the Gentlemen.
* The piece is used in the animated television series '' Modern Toss'' (2005–2008) as the theme tune for the character ''Mr. Tourette – Master Signwriter''.
*This piece can be heard in the play performed at the end of the movie '' Shrek The Third'' (2007).
* In Neil Gaiman's novel '' The Graveyard Book'' (2008) the characters dance the "Macabray". In the audiobook, ''Danse macabre'' is played between chapters.
* Korean figure skater Yuna Kim used the piece as her short program music in 2008–2009 season.
* The piece is used as a track in the Napoleonic Wars expansion pack for the game '' Mount & Blade: Warband'' (2010) by TaleWorlds Entertainment.
* The piece is also referenced in Neil Gaiman's book '' American Gods'' (2011).
* The piece is used in several instances during the 2011 '' Grimm'' episode " Danse Macabre", which is named after the piece.
* The 2011 film '' Hugo'' features the piece during a brief scene showing the history of early films.
* The piece is used as the ending theme of the horror-themed Nickelodeon series '' Deadtime Stories'' (2012–2013).
* A looped part of the piece can be purchased as a vehicle horn in the 2013 video game '' Grand Theft Auto Online'', only during Halloween event weeks.
* The piece can be heard during the New Year's Eve festivities in the 2014 gothic horror film, '' Stonehearst Asylum.''
* The piece is used in the 2014 production "Immortal" by The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps.
* A synthesized version of the piece is used in the soundtrack for the anime television series '' Dimension W'' (2016).
* The piece is used in the opening of season 2, episode 8, of the USA original, '' Mr. Robot'' (2016).
* The piece is arranged in multiple levels of '' The End is Nigh'' (2017), such as "The End" and "Mortaman".
* This piece is used in the soundtrack of the video games '' The Crew 2'' (2018) and '' Forza Horizon 5'' (2021).
* The piece is used in multiple episodes of the television series '' What We Do in the Shadows'' (2019).
* The piece is used in the first episode of '' Don't F**k with Cats: Hunting an Internet Killer'' (2019).
* The piece is used as the main theme for '' Ratched'' (2020).
* This piece is played in Crowley's car as Aziraphale drives it from London to Edinburgh in season 2, episode 3 of the television show '' Good Omens'' (2023).
* This piece is used in episode 2 of the Netflix original Korean reality game show '' Siren: Survive the Island'' (2023).
* The piece was played during the 2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.
* The piece was used by figure skater Koshiro Shimada during the 2024–2025 season.

References

External links

*
* by Michael Kaykov (2021)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danse macabre (Saint-Saens)
1874 compositions
Symphonic poems by Camille Saint-Saëns
Concertante works by Camille Saint-Saëns
Compositions in G minor
Death in music
Halloween compositions
Music based on art
Music based on European myths and legends
Music based on poems
Music with dedications
The Devil in classical music
Compositions for violin and orchestra
Horror television theme songs