Cucurbits

The Cucurbitaceae, also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, of which the most important to humans are:
*''Cucurbita'' – squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds
*''Lagenaria, and others that are inedible
*''Citrullus'' – watermelon (''C. lanatus'', ''C. colocynthis'') and others
*''Cucumis'' – cucumber (''C. sativus''), various melons and vines
*''Momordica'' – bitter melon
*''Luffa'' – the common name is also luffa, sometimes spelled loofah (when fully ripened, two species of this fibrous fruit are the source of the loofah scrubbing sponge)
*''Cyclanthera'' – Caigua

The plants in this family are grown around the tropics and in temperate areas, where those with edible fruits were among the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. The family Cucurbitaceae ranks among the highest of plant families for number and percentage of species used as human food. The name ''Cucurbitaceae'' comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from ''Cucurbita'', the type genus, + '' -aceae'', a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word ''cucurbita'', "gourd".

Description

Most of the plants in this family are annual vines, but some are woody lianas, thorny shrubs, or trees ('' Dendrosicyos''). Many species have large, yellow or white flowers. The stems are hairy and pentangular. Tendrils are present at 90° to the leaf petioles at nodes. Leaves are exstipulate, alternate, simple palmately lobed or palmately compound. The flowers are unisexual, with male and female flowers on different plants ( dioecious) or on the same plant ( monoecious). The female flowers have inferior ovaries. The fruit is often a kind of modified berry called a pepo.

Fossil history

One of the oldest fossil cucurbits so far is †''Cucurbitaciphyllum lobatum'' from the Paleocene epoch, found at Shirley Canal, Montana. It was described for the first time in 1924 by the paleobotanist Frank Hall Knowlton. The fossil leaf is palmate, trilobed with rounded lobal sinuses and an entire or serrate margin. It has a leaf pattern similar to the members of the genera '' Kedrostis'', '' Melothria'' and '' Zehneria''.

Classification

Tribal classification

The most recent classification of Cucurbitaceae delineates 15 tribes:

* Tribe Gomphogyneae Benth. & Hook.f.
** '' Alsomitra'' (Blume) Spach (1 sp.)
** '' Bayabusua'' (1 sp.)
** '' Gomphogyne'' Griff. (2 spp.)
** '' Gynostemma'' Blume (10 spp.)
** '' Hemsleya'' Cogn. ex F.B.Forbes & Hemsl. (30 spp.)
** '' Neoalsomitra'' Hutch. (12 spp.)
* Tribe Triceratieae A.Rich.
** '' Anisosperma'' Silva Manso (1 sp.)
** '' Cyclantheropsis'' Harms (3 spp.)
** '' Fevillea'' L. (8 spp.)
** ''Pteropepon'' (Cogn.) Cogn. (5 spp.)
** '' Sicydium'' Schltdl. (7 spp.)
* Tribe Zanonieae Benth. & Hook.f.
** ''Gerrardanthus'' Harvey in Hook.f. (3–5 spp.)
** '' Siolmatra'' Baill. (1 sp.)
** '' Xerosicyos'' Humbert (5 spp.)
** '' Zanonia'' L. (1 sp.)
* Tribe Actinostemmateae H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner
** ''Actinostemma'' Griff. (3 spp.)
* Tribe Indofevilleeae H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner
** '' Indofevillea'' Chatterjee (2 sp.)
* Tribe Thladiantheae H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner
** '' Baijiania'' A.M.Lu & J.Q.Li (30 spp.)
** ''Thladiantha'' Bunge 1833 (5 spp.)
* Tribe Siraitieae H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner
** '' Siraitia'' Merr. (3–4 spp.)
* Tribe Momordiceae H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner
** ''Momordica'' L. (60 spp.)
* Tribe Joliffieae Schrad.
** '' Ampelosicyos'' Thouars (5 spp.)
** ''Cogniauxia'' Baill. (2 spp.)
** '' Telfairia'' Hook. (3 spp.)
* Tribe Bryonieae Dumort.
** ''Austrobryonia'' H.Schaef. (4 spp.)
** ''Bryonia'' L. (10 spp.)
** '' Ecballium'' A.Rich. (1 sp.)
* Tribe Schizopeponeae C.Jeffrey
** '' Herpetospermum'' Wall. ex Hook.f. (3 spp.)
** ''Schizopepon'' Maxim. (6–8 spp.)
* Tribe Sicyoeae Schrad.
** ''Cyclanthera'' Schrad. (40 spp.)
** ''Echinocystis'' Torr. & A.Gray (1 sp.)
** ''Echinopepon'' Naudin (20 spp., including '' Brandegea'' Cogn.)
** '' Frantzia'' Pittier (5 spp.)
** '' Hanburia'' Seem. (7 spp.)
** ''Hodgsonia'' Hook.f. & Thomson (2 spp.)
** '' Linnaeosicyos'' H.Schaef. & Kocyan (1 sp.)
** ''Luffa'' Mill. (5–7 spp.)
** '' Marah'' Kellogg (7 spp.)
** '' Nothoalsomitra'' Hutch. (1 sp.)
** '' Sicyos'' L. (75 spp., including '' Sechium'' P.Browne)
** '' Trichosanthes'' L. (≤100 spp.)
* Tribe Coniandreae Endl.
** '' Apodanthera'' Arn. (16 spp.)
** '' Bambekea'' Cogn. (1 sp.)
** '' Ceratosanthes'' Adans. (4 spp.)
** '' Corallocarpus'' Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f. (17 spp.)
** '' Cucurbitella'' Walp. (1 sp.)
** '' Dendrosicyos'' Balf.f. (1 sp.)
** '' Doyerea'' Grosourdy (1 sp.)
** '' Eureiandra'' Hook.f. (8 spp.)
** '' Gurania'' (Schltdl.) Cogn. (37 spp.)
** ''Halosicyos'' Mart.Crov (1 sp.)
** '' Helmontia'' Cogn. (2–4 spp.)
** '' Ibervillea'' Greene (9–10 spp.)
** '' Kedrostis'' Medik. (28 spp.)
** '' Melotrianthus'' M.Crovetto (1–3 spp.)
** '' Psiguria'' Neck. ex Arn. (6–12 spp.)
** '' Seyrigia'' Keraudren (6 spp.)
** '' Trochomeriopsis'' Cogn. (1 sp.)
** '' Tumamoca'' Rose (2 spp.)
** ''Wilbrandia'' Silva Manso (5 spp.)
* Tribe Benincaseae Ser.
** '' Acanthosicyos'' Welw. ex Hook.f. (1 sp.)
** '' Benincasa'' Savi (2 spp., including ''Praecitrullus'' Pangalo)
** '' Borneosicyos'' (1–2 spp.)
** '' Cephalopentandra'' Chiov. (1 sp.)
** ''Citrullus'' Schrad. (4 spp.)
** '' Coccinia'' Wight & Arn. (30 spp.)
** ''Ctenolepis'' Hook. f. 1867 (3 spp.)
** ''Cucumis'' L. (65 spp.)
** '' Dactyliandra'' Hook.f. (2 spp.)
** ''Diplocyclos'' (Endl.) T.Post & Kuntze (4 spp.)
** '' Indomelothria'' (2 spp.)
** '' Khmeriosicyos'' (1 sp.)
** ''Lagenaria