Bombus soroeensis - Campanula glomerata - Keila

''Campanula glomerata'', known by the common names clustered bellflower or Dane's blood, is a

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

of flowering plant in the

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

Campanula ''Campanula'' () is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is Latin for "little bell" ...

'', belonging to the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belon ...

. It is the

county flower In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used to ...

Rutland Rutland () is a ceremonial county and unitary authority in the East Midlands, England. The county is bounded to the west and north by Leicestershire, to the northeast by Lincolnshire and the southeast by Northamptonshire. Its greatest len ...

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

Etymology

The etymology of this plant is quite intuitive: the genus Latin name (“campanula”), meaning small bell, refers to the bell-shape of the flower, while the specific name (''glomerata'') refers to the tight grouping of the flowers at the top of the stem.

Description

''Campanula glomerata'' is a

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

herbaceous plant Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

growing to a height of , with a maximum of . The stem is simple, erect and shortly pubescent, basal leaves are petiolated, oval-lanceolate and lightly heart-shaped (

cordate Cordate is an adjective meaning ' heart-shaped' and is most typically used for: * Cordate (leaf shape) The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a ...

), while cauline leaves are lanceolate, sessile and '' amplexicaul''. The inflorescence is formed by 15-20 sessile, actinomorphic and

hermaphrodite In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes. Many Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrate ...

single flowers of about 2 to 3 cm. They are in terminal racemes or in the axils of upper leaves, surrounded by an involucre of bracts. The corolla is campanulate and pubescent with five dark violet-blue or purplish-blue petals. Flowering period is from June to September.

Distribution and habitat

The species is native to the North Temperate Zone of Eurasia, from Britain to Japan. In Europe it is present almost everywhere except the extreme north. In North America the plant is

naturalized Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the in ...

. This plant can be found in forests or dry grasslands, in scrub and open woodland, in grassy but not too wet places, in the edges of woods and along the margins of roads and trails. It prefers calcareous soils, at an altitude up to above sea level.

Subspecies

According to WCSP, 15

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...

are recognized: *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'' -

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

to NW.

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''cervicarioides'' (Schult.) Arcang. (1882) - S.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''serotina'' (Wettst.) O.Schwarz (1949) - S.

Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Sw ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'' (Rochel ex Besser) Kirschl. (1852) -

to E.

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''elliptica'' (Kit. ex Schult.) Kirschl. (1851) -

Carpathians The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Ural Mountains, Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The ...

to C.

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

and

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''subcapitata'' (Popov) Fed. (1973) - E.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''hispida'' (Witasek) Hayek (1930) - N.

Balkan The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

Pen. to

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (Trautv.) Ogan. (1995) - NE.

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''oblongifolia'' (K.Koch) Fed. (1972) - E.

to NE.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''oblongifolioides'' (Galushko) Ogan. (1995) -

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''symphytifolia'' (Albov) Ogan. (1995) - W.

Transcaucasus The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Arme ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''panjutinii'' (Kolak.) Victorov (2002) - W.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''krylovii'' Olonova (1999) - W.

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''daqingshanica'' D.Y.Hong & Y.Z.Zhao (1983) -

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'' (Hornem. ex Spreng.) Domin (1936) - S.

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

(

Kyushu is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surroun ...

)

Cultivation

The plant is widely cultivated in gardens, with flowers in a range of colours including white, pink, blue and purple. Numerous

cultivars A cultivar is a type of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and when Plant propagation, propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and st ...

have been developed for garden use, including 'Joan Elliott' (with large violet flowers) and the white-flowered 'Schneekrone'. The vigorous cultivar 'Superba', growing to , with rich blue flowers, has gained the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...

. The pale purple cluster-flowered 'Caroline' has also won the award.

Gallery

File:Funchal Botanischer Garten - Campanula glomerata IMG 1758.JPG,

Funchal Funchal () is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Madeira, Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 105,795, making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of ...

: Botanical garden File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-1.JPG, File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-2.JPG, File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-3.JPG, File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-4.JPG, Cauline leaf with a flower in the axil File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-5.JPG, Basal leaf File: Campanula glomerata at Ludwika, Sweden.jpg,

Synonyms

*''Campanula aggregata'' Willd. ex Schlecht. (1813) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula cervicarioides'' Schultes in Roemer & Schultes (1819) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''cervicarioide'') *''Campanula congesta'' Schultes in Roemer & Schultes (1819) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula farinosa'' Andrz. in Besser (1821) ( synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'') *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''aggregata'' (Willd.) Kirschleger (1851) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''cephalotes'' (Fisch. ex Schrank) D.Y.Hong (1983) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'') *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''congesta'' (Roemer & Schultes) Schubler & Martens (1834) ( synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''aggregata'' (Willd.) Koch (1846) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''congesta'' (Roemer & Schultes) Rouy (1908) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''dahurica'' Fisch. ex Ker-Gawl. (1822) ( synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''farinosa'' (Andrz.) Koch (1846) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'') *''Campanula glaucophylla'' Schlosser & Vukot. (1875) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'') *''Campanula speciosa'' Hornem. (1815) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'')

References

* Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982, Vol. II, pag. 682

External links

Biolib

Campanula glomerata

USDA Profile

Missouri Botanical Garden

Kew Plant List
{{Taxonbar, from=Q158045 glomerata Flora of France Flora of China Flora of Denmark Flora of Estonia Flora of Germany Flora of Greece Flora of Iran Flora of Iraq Flora of Italy Flora of Japan Flora of Korea Flora of Latvia Flora of Lithuania Flora of Mongolia Flora of Russia Flora of Spain Flora of Turkey Flora of the United Kingdom Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus