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Czerniaków () is a
neighbourhood A neighbourhood (Commonwealth English) or neighborhood (American English) is a geographically localized community within a larger town, city, suburb or rural area, sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourh ...
, and an area of the City Information System, in
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, Poland, within the district of
Mokotów Mokotów () is a district of Warsaw, the capital city of Poland. It is densely populated, and hosts many companies and foreign embassies. Only a small part of the district is lightly industrialised (''Służewiec Przemysłowy''), while the majori ...
. It is a residential area with high-rise multifamily housing. The neighbourhood features the St. Anthony of Padua Church dating to 1693, and the Warsaw Uprising Mound, an artificial hill and memorial, as well as the Czerniaków Lake, the largest still body of fresh water in the city. Czerniaków was founded ik the 13th century, as a small farming community. It was incorporated into Warsaw in the 1916, and in the 1920s, together with nearby Sadyba, it developed as a single-family residential neighbourhood, designed with principles of the
garden city movement The garden city movement was a 20th century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with Green belt, greenbelts. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, i ...
. In the 1970s, there were constructed high-rise multifamily residential neighbourhoods.


History

Within the area of current Czerniaków, near Idzikowskiego Street, was discovered a small
flint Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Historically, flint was widely used to make stone tools and start ...
axe dating to around 500 BCE.''Dzieje Mokotowa''. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1972. (in Polish) In the 13th century, in the area were founded villages of Czerniaków (originally known as ''Czerniakowo''), and Czernów (also known as ''Czarnowo''), with the latter forming Siekierki in the 16th century. Some historians propose that both villages, together with nearby Sielce, originally constituted a single settlement. Czerniaków was originally part of a Catholic parish of Solec, and since the 13th century, it probably belonged to the parish of Jazdów. In the 15th century, Czerniaków became the property of Hincza Cedlic, a Warsaw chamerlain in service of duke Janusz I. His family adopted the surname ''Czerniakowski'', and in 1502, his descent, Hincza Czerniakowski, sold the village to Mikołaj Milanowski. In 1528 the farmlands belonging to Czerniaków had an area of six Chełmno voloks, corresponding to 107.73 ha. In the second half of the 16th century, the village had a watermill and was inhabited by
petty nobility The minor or petty nobility is the lower nobility classes. Finland Petty nobility in Finland is dated at least back to the 13th century and was formed by nobles around their strategic interests. The idea was more capable peasants with leader role ...
, while nearby Czerniaków Lake was used for fishing. In the 17th century Czerniaków was acquired by Andrzej Górski, the
voivode Voivode ( ), also spelled voivod, voievod or voevod and also known as vaivode ( ), voivoda, vojvoda, vaivada or wojewoda, is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe in use since the Early Mid ...
of
Mazovia Mazovia or Masovia ( ) is a historical region in mid-north-eastern Poland. It spans the North European Plain, roughly between Łódź and Białystok, with Warsaw being the largest city and Płock being the capital of the region . Throughout the ...
. After his death in 1626, the village would be inherited by a number of his descendants, and later to the
King of Poland Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of Royal elections in Poland, free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electab ...
. In 1683, it became the property of Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski, the Grand Crown Marshal. He financed there construction of a hospital, and the Catholic St. Anthony of Padua Church, together with a monastery of Bernardines, opened in 1693. The monastery was closed in 1864, and reactivated in 1945. Following the abolition of serfdom in 1864, the village was incorporated into the
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
of
Mokotów Mokotów () is a district of Warsaw, the capital city of Poland. It is densely populated, and hosts many companies and foreign embassies. Only a small part of the district is lightly industrialised (''Służewiec Przemysłowy''), while the majori ...
, and in 1904, was transferred to the municipality of
Wilanów Wilanów () is a dzielnica, district of the city of Warsaw, Poland. It is home to historic Wilanów Palace, the "Polish Palace of Versailles, Versailles," and second home to various List of Polish rulers, Polish kings. Wilanów is home to many v ...
. On 8 April 1916, it was incorporated into the city of Warsaw, becoming part of the district of
Mokotów Mokotów () is a district of Warsaw, the capital city of Poland. It is densely populated, and hosts many companies and foreign embassies. Only a small part of the district is lightly industrialised (''Służewiec Przemysłowy''), while the majori ...
. In 1865, in an
oxbow lake An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake or stream pool, pool that forms when a wide meander of a river is meander cutoff, cut off, creating a free-standing body of water. The word "oxbow" can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream, whether ...
of
Vistula The Vistula (; ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest in Europe, at in length. Its drainage basin, extending into three other countries apart from Poland, covers , of which is in Poland. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra i ...
river, was opened the Czerniaków Harbour. Untin 1965, there operated a shipyard. In 1886, nearby was also opened the River Pumps Station, a water-pumping facility of new municipal waterworks systems. It pumped water from the Vistula River to be transported to the Warsaw Water Filters. In 1928, next to it was also formed the Czerniaków Waste Pond, used for the disposal of water pollutants. In 1887, to the south of the village, on Powsińska Street, was opened the Fort IX, also known as the Fort Czerniaków. It was constructed by the
Russian Imperial Army The Imperial Russian Army () was the army of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was organized into a standing army and a state militia. The standing army consisted of Regular army, regular troops and ...
, as part of the
Warsaw Fortress Warsaw Fortress (, ) was a system of fortifications built in Warsaw, Poland during the 19th century when the city was part of the Russian Empire. The fortress belonged to a Western Russian fortresses, chain of fortresses built in Congress Poland an ...
, a series of fortifications surrounding the city. It was decommissioned and partially deconstructed in 1913. Currently it is located within the City Information System area of Sadyba. On 16 May 1891, there was opened a line of the
narrow-gauge railroad A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge (distance between the rails) narrower than . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curv ...
operated by the Wilanów Railway, with station next to the St. Anthony of Padua Church. It connected
Downtown ''Downtown'' is a term primarily used in American and Canadian English to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business district ( ...
, with Czerniaków, and was later expanded to
Wilanów Wilanów () is a dzielnica, district of the city of Warsaw, Poland. It is home to historic Wilanów Palace, the "Polish Palace of Versailles, Versailles," and second home to various List of Polish rulers, Polish kings. Wilanów is home to many v ...
, and eventually, Piaseczno. Originally, it operated the horse-drawn cars, which were replaced with steam-powered locomotives in 1896. The line was closed down in 1957. In 1907, at 44/46 Powsińska Street was founded the Czerniaków Cemetery. Currently, it is located within the City Information System area of Sadyba. In the early 1920s, next to the Czerniaków Lake and alongside Gorczewska Street, was developed a neighbourourhood of villas, designed following the
garden city movement The garden city movement was a 20th century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with Green belt, greenbelts. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, i ...
, with buildings inspired by manor houses from the 18th and 19th centuries. Later, around the Fort IX developed another neighbourhood, named Sadyba. Prior to 1939, Czerniaków was one of the impoverished parts of the city. At the time, the neighbourhood, together with Powiśle was referred locally as the "Lowland" (), due to its lower elevation when compared to the
Downtown ''Downtown'' is a term primarily used in American and Canadian English to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business district ( ...
. In the 1930s, there were built artificial water canals meant to aid in drying lads of Czerniaków and Siekierki by diverting the water to the Vistula river. In 1945, next to Bartycka Street began being formed the Warsaw Uprising Mound, an artificial hill made from the rubble of buildings from across the city, which was destroyed during the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. It continued to be used as a
landfill A landfill is a site for the disposal of waste materials. It is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, waste was ...
until the 1960s. In 2004, it was cleaned up, and turned into a
scenic viewpoint A scenic viewpoint—also called an observation point, viewpoint, viewing point, vista point, scenic overlook,These terms are more commonly used in North America. etc.—is an elevated location where people can view scenery (often with binocu ...
, at its top was placed a sculpture of the
Anchor An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin ', which itself comes from the Greek (). Anch ...
, the symbol of the
Polish Underground State The Polish Underground State (, also known as the Polish Secret State) was a single political and military entity formed by the union of resistance organizations in occupied Poland that were loyal to the Government of the Republic of Poland ...
during the Second World War, meant to commemorate the
Warsaw Uprising The Warsaw Uprising (; ), sometimes referred to as the August Uprising (), or the Battle of Warsaw, was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance movement in World War II, Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from ...
. Around the mound was developed an urban park, named the
Operation Tempest file:Akcja_burza_1944.png, 210px, right Operation Tempest or Operation Burza (, sometimes referred to in English as "Operation Storm") was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II against occupying German forces by the Polish Home Arm ...
Park. In 1956, at 19/25 Stępińska Street was opened the Czerniaków Hospital, with 8 wards. Currently, it is located within the City Information System area of Sielce. Between 1970 and 1980, in Czerniaków, two neighbourhoods of high-rise multifamily housing were developed. They were Bernardyńska around Gołkowska Street, and Czerniakowska Wschodnia around Czerniakowska Street.Barbara Petrozolin-Skowrońska (editor): ''Encyklopedia Warszawy'', Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994, p. 56, ISBN 83-01-08836-2. (in Polish)Barbara Petrozolin-Skowrońska (editor): ''Encyklopedia Warszawy'', Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994, p. 123, ISBN 83-01-08836-2. (in Polish) In 1997, Mokotów was subdivided into twelve areas of the City Information System, a municipal standardized system of street signage, with Czerniaków becoming one of them. Additionally, parts of the historical neighbourhood became part of Sadyba instead. In 1997, a small portion of Czerniaków, between Czerniakowska Street, Idzikowskiego Street, and Witosa Avenue, became part of the then-established administrative neighbourhood of Sadyba. In 2002, in Czerniaków was opened Józefa Bema Avenue, a part of Siekieri Route, a
thoroughfare A thoroughfare is a primary passage or way of transport, whether by road on dry land or, by extension, via watercraft or aircraft. Originally, the word referred to a main road or open street which was frequented thoroughly. Different terms *Roa ...
connecting the west and east banks of the Vistula river. On 8 October 2019, at the corner of Czerniakowska Street and Polski Walczącej Avenue was unveiled the Monument to the Soldiers of the Peasant Battalions and the People's Union of Women, designed by Agnieszka Świerzowicz-Maślaniec and Marek Maślaniec.


Overview

Czerniaków is a residential area with high-rise multifamily housing. It includes the neighbourhoods of Bernardyńska around Gołkowska Street, and Czerniakowska Wschodnia around Czerniakowska Street. Near Bartycka Street stands the Warsaw Uprising Mound, an artificial hill with the height of 121 m above the sea level, or 31 m of relative height. It is a
scenic viewpoint A scenic viewpoint—also called an observation point, viewpoint, viewing point, vista point, scenic overlook,These terms are more commonly used in North America. etc.—is an elevated location where people can view scenery (often with binocu ...
, with its top decorated with a sculpture of the
Anchor An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin ', which itself comes from the Greek (). Anch ...
, the symbol of the
Polish Underground State The Polish Underground State (, also known as the Polish Secret State) was a single political and military entity formed by the union of resistance organizations in occupied Poland that were loyal to the Government of the Republic of Poland ...
during the Second World War, meant to commemorate the
Warsaw Uprising The Warsaw Uprising (; ), sometimes referred to as the August Uprising (), or the Battle of Warsaw, was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance movement in World War II, Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from ...
. The mound is surrounded with an urban park, named the
Operation Tempest file:Akcja_burza_1944.png, 210px, right Operation Tempest or Operation Burza (, sometimes referred to in English as "Operation Storm") was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II against occupying German forces by the Polish Home Arm ...
Park. Additionally, at the corner of Czerniakowska Street and Polski Walczącej Avenue stands the Monument to the Soldiers of the Peasant Battalions and the People's Union of Women, designed by Agnieszka Świerzowicz-Maślaniec and Marek Maślaniec. At 2/4 Czerniakowska Street is placed the Catholic St. Anthony of Padua Church, dating to 1693, together with a monastery of Bernardines. To the southeast, the neighbourhood also borders the Czerniaków Lake, which, together with surrounding it area, has the status of a nature reserve.Czesław Łaszek, Bożenna Sendzielska: ''Chronione obiekty przyrodnicze województwa stołecznego warszawskiego''. Warsaw: Centralny Ośrodek Informacji Turystycznej, 1989, p. 67. ISBN 83-00-02272-4. (in Polish) With an area of 19.5 ha, it is the largest fresh water lake in Warsaw.Barbara Petrozolin-Skowrońska (editor): ''Encyklopedia Warszawy'', Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994, p. 296. ISBN 83-01-08836-2. (in Polish) It is also a
bathing lake A bathing lake is a natural or artificial lake that is used for public bathing and swimming. In the water, bathers mostly remain close to the shore and use the area for recreational purposes, such as sport, games and sunbathing. In Europe, becaus ...
with a beach, the only in the city with such legal status. Additionally, to the north, the neighbourhood borders the Czerniaków Waste Pond, used for the disposal of water pollutants by the River Pumps Station, operated by the Waterworks and Sewage Municipal Company of the Capital City of Warsaw. Through the neighbourhood also flow two artificial cannals, called Czerniaków and Siekierki, emptying in the Vistula river.Zdzisław Biernacki: "IV. Geomorfologia i wody powierzchniowe",
Wisła w Warszawie
'. Warsaw:Warsaw City Hall, Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA, 2000, p. 58. ISBN 83-907333-7-4. (in Polish)
Czerniaków is crossed by Józefa Bema Avenue, which is a part of Siekieri Route, a
thoroughfare A thoroughfare is a primary passage or way of transport, whether by road on dry land or, by extension, via watercraft or aircraft. Originally, the word referred to a main road or open street which was frequented thoroughly. Different terms *Roa ...
connecting west and east banks of Vistula river. A small part of the City Information System area of Czerniaków belongs to the administrative neighbourhood of Sadyba. It is located between Czerniakowska Street, Idzikowskiego Street, and Witosa Avenue.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Czerniakow Neighbourhoods of Mokotów Populated places established in the 13th century Former villages in Poland