Cusco–Collao (

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...

, also ''Cuzco–Collao'') or Qusqu–Qullaw ( Quechua) is a collective term used for Quechua dialects that have aspirated () and

ejective In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some l ...

()

plosive In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (, ), tongue body (, ), lip ...

s, apparently borrowed from

Aymaran languages Aymaran (also Jaqi or Aru) is one of the two dominant language families in the central Andes alongside Quechuan. The family consists of Aymara, widely spoken in Bolivia, and the endangered Jaqaru and Kawki languages of Peru. Hardman (1978) p ...

. They include Cusco Quechua, Puno Quechua, North Bolivian Quechua, and

South Bolivian Quechua South Bolivian Quechua, also known as Central Bolivian Quechua, is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Bolivia and adjacent areas of Argentina, where it is also known as ''Colla''. It is not to be confused with North Bolivian Quechua, which i ...

. Together with Ayacucho Quechua, which is

mutually intelligible In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between different but related language varieties in which speakers of the different varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. Mutual intellig ...

, they form the Southern Quechua language. In 1975, the term "Cusco-Collao" was coined by the government of

Juan Velasco Alvarado Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910 – December 24, 1977) was a Peruvian Army general, general who served as the President of Peru after a successful 1968 Peruvian coup d'état, coup d'état against Fernando Belaúnde's presidency ...

as the name of one of six officially recognized regional varieties of Quechua in Peru, and is still used in both Spanish and Quechua forms in publications of the Peruvian government and

SIL International SIL Global (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics International) is an evangelical Christian nonprofit organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, to expan ...

. In linguistic terms, the group is problematic. Concerning vocabulary, Cusco Quechua is closest to Ayacucho Quechua, with which it has 96% lexical similarity, whereas Puno Quechua and the Bolivian Quechua varieties have borrowed more lexicon and morphology from Aymara and Spanish (e.g. the

diminutive A diminutive is a word obtained by modifying a root word to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment, and sometimes to belittle s ...

suffix ''-ita, -itu, -sita, -situ'' instead of ''-cha'': cf. "small stone": ''rumisitu'' in Bolivia vs. ''rumicha'' in both Cusco and Ayacucho). Typical for Cusco-Collao dialects is the appearance of

subordinating conjunctions In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses'','' which are called its conjuncts. That description is vague enough to overlap with those of other parts of speech because what constitut ...

, e.g. ''imaraykuchus'' (because) and ''sichus'' (if), or relative pronouns, e.g. ''pitachus'' (whom) or ''imachus'' (that, what), which are uncommon in Ayacucho Quechua and other Quechua varieties. Conjunctions like ''imaraykuchus'' are by far most common in the Bolivian dialects.See for exampl
Google search for "imaraykuchus" at site bible.is
which includes Bible translations in Quechua of Cusco, North Bolivia, and South Bolivia (as well as Ayacucho Quechua, which does not have this word). Otherwise, subordination in Quechua can be expressed by means of suffixes and infixes like ''-pti-'' and ''-spa'' or (to substitute relative clauses) ''-q'', ''-sqa'' and ''-na''.

Bibliography

* Antonio Cusihuamán (1976): Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao Castellano y vice versa Ministerio de educación del Perú * Antonio Cusihuamán (1976): Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao. Ministerio de educación del Perú

External links

Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu Qullaw. Qhichwa Simipi
(monolingual Quechua and bilingual Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer, Carmen Gladis Alosilla Morales, Victoria Choque Valer: Qullaw Qichwapa Simi Qullqan. Lima, 2014

References

Languages of Bolivia Languages of Peru Southern Quechua {{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub

See also

Bibliography

External links

References