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{{short description, Type of graphical user interface Crossing-based interfaces are
graphical user interface The GUI ( "UI" by itself is still usually pronounced . or ), graphical user interface, is a form of user interface that allows User (computing), users to Human–computer interaction, interact with electronic devices through graphical icon (comp ...
s that use crossing gestures instead of, or in complement to,
pointing Pointing is a gesture specifying a direction from a person's body, usually indicating a location, person, event, thing or idea. It typically is formed by extending the arm, hand, and index finger, although it may be functionally similar to other ...
. Where a pointing task involves moving a cursor inside a graphical object and pressing a button, a goal-crossing task involves moving a cursor beyond a boundary of a targeted graphical object to trigger an effect.


Goal-crossing tasks

Goal crossing has been little investigated, despite sometimes being used on today's interfaces (e.g., mouse-over effects, hierarchical menus navigation, auto-retractable taskbars and
hot corners A screen hotspot, in computing, provides a special area on the display screen of a computer for hyperlinking or for other GUI-based activity (such as re-direction, pop-up display, macro Macro (or MACRO) may refer to: Science and technology * ...
). Still, several advantages of crossing over pointing have been identified: * Elongated objects such as
hyperlinks In computing, a hyperlink, or simply a link, is a digital reference to data that the user can follow or be guided by clicking or tapping. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text w ...
are faster to cross than to point. * Several objects can be crossed at the same time within the same
gesture A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or o ...
. * Crossing allows triggering actions when buttons are not available (e.g., while an object is being dragged). * Crossing-based widgets can be designed to be more compact than pointing-based ones. This may be useful for small display devices. * Goal crossing is particularly natural on
stylus A stylus (plural styli or styluses) is a writing utensil or a small tool for some other form of marking or shaping, for example, in pottery. It can also be a computer accessory that is used to assist in navigating or providing more precision ...
-based devices. On these devices, crossing an object back and forth is easier than double-clicking. * Crossing can be a good alternative for users who have difficulties with clicking or double-clicking. There are several other ways of triggering actions in user interfaces, either graphic (
gestures A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or ot ...
) and non-graphic (
keyboard shortcuts computing, a keyboard shortcut also known as hotkey is a series of one or several keys to quickly invoke a software program or perform a preprogrammed action. This action may be part of the standard functionality of the operating system or ...
, speech commands).


Laws of crossing

Variants of Fitts' law have been described for goal-crossing tasks (Accot and Zhai 2002). Fitts' law is seen as a ''Law of pointing'', describing variability in the direction of the pointer's movement. The ''Law of crossing'' describes the allowed variability in the direction perpendicular to movement, and the
steering law The steering law in human–computer interaction and ergonomics is a predictive model of human movement that describes the time required to navigate, or ''steer'', through a 2-dimensional tunnel. The tunnel can be thought of as a path or trajectory ...
describes movement along a tunnel.


See also

* Fitts Law — A principle of human movement which predicts the time required to move from a starting position to a final target area. * Accot-Zhai steering law — An extension of Fitt's law to ''steering'' tasks. * Interaction technique *
Pie menu In user interface design, a pie menu or radial menu is a circular context menu where selection depends on direction. It is a graphical control element. A pie menu is made of several "pie slices" around an inactive center and works best with stylu ...
*
Pull-to-refresh Pull-to-refresh is a touchscreen gesture that consists of touching the screen of a computing device with a finger or pressing a button on a pointing device, dragging the screen downward with the finger or pointing device, and then releasing it, as a ...


References

* Original work ** Accot, J. and Zhai, S. (2002). More than dotting the i's - foundations for crossing-based interfaces, in Proc. of CHI'2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 2002. pp 73–80. * Selected subsequent work ** Apitz, G. and Guimbretière F. (2004). CrossY: a crossing-based drawing application. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Santa Fe, NM, USA, October 24–27, 2004). UIST '04. ACM Press, New York, NY, 3-12. ** Dragicevic, P. (2004). Combining crossing-based and paper-based interaction paradigms for dragging and dropping between overlapping windows. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Santa Fe, NM, USA, October 24–27, 2004). UIST '04. ACM Press, New York, NY, 193-196.


External links


Laws of Action
by Shumin Zhai
CrossY
interface by Apitz and Guimbretière
Dragicevic's Fold'n'Drop techniqueDon't Click It
- A clickless proof-of-concept interface User interface techniques