Coregonus

''Coregonus'' is a diverse genus of fish in the salmon family (Salmonidae). The ''Coregonus'' species are known as whitefishes. The genus contains at least 68 described extant taxa, but the true number of species is a matter of debate. The type species of the genus is '' Coregonus lavaretus''.

Most ''Coregonus'' species inhabit lakes and rivers, and several species, including the Arctic cisco (''C. autumnalis''), the Bering cisco (''C. laurettae''), and the least cisco (''C. sardinella'') are anadromous, moving between salt water and fresh water.

Many whitefish species or ecotypes, especially from the Great Lakes and the Alpine lakes of Europe, have gone extinct over the past century or are endangered. Among 12 freshwater fish considered extinct in Europe, 6 are ''Coregonus''. All ''Coregonus'' species are protected under appendix III of the Bern Convention,Council of Europe, 1979. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Heritage. Bern, Switzerland. Available at: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/104.htm and Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC)

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic evidence indicates that the most basal member of the genus is the highly endangered Atlantic whitefish (''C. huntsmani''), which is endemic to a single river basin in Nova Scotia, Canada. The Atlantic whitefish is thought to have diverged from the rest of the genus during the mid-Miocene, about 15 million years ago.

The genus was previously subdivided into two subgenera ''Coregonus'' ("true whitefishes") and ''Leucichthys'' (" ciscoes"), ''Coregonus'' comprising taxa with sub-terminal mouth and usually a benthic feeding habit, ''Leucichthys'' those with terminal or supra-terminal mouth and usually a pelagic plankton-feeding habit. This classification is not natural however: based on molecular data, ciscoes comprise two distinct lineages within the genus. Moreover, the genus '' Stenodus'' is not phylogenetically distinct from ''Coregonus''; although ''Stenodus'' occupies a basal position within the genus, phylogenetic evidence indicates that ''C. huntsmani'' is even more basal than it.

The scientific name given to this genus of fish comes from the Greek κόρη (''kórē'') "daughter ; eye pupil" and γωνία (''gōnía'') "angle", because their pupil makes an angle, even though they share this feature with a large number of other fish.

Species diversity

There is much uncertainty and confusion in the classification of the many species of this genus. Particularly, one extreme view of diversity recognises just two main species in Northern and Central Europe, the common whitefish ''C. lavaretus'' and the vendace ''C. albula'', whereas others would divide these into numerous, often narrowly distributed species. A drastic increase in number of recognized species occurred in 2007, when a review advocated that more than 50 local European populations should be considered as distinct based on morphological differences. It has been estimated that several of them are very young, having separated from each other less than 15,000 years ago. Many of these were primarily defined based on number of gill rakers. Although this largely is hereditary, the number is highly variable (even within single populations and species), can change relatively fast in response to changes and genetic studies have shown that they often are of limited use in predicting relationships among populations (a large difference in gill raker number does not necessarily equal a distant relationship). Genetic differences between several of the recently proposed species, even ones that are relatively distinct morphologically, are very limited and sometimes they are not monophyletic. Various ''Coregonus'', whether regarded as separate species or not, readily interbreed with each other. A review of whitefish in the United Kingdom found that the identification key provided in 2007 did not match most individuals and that solid evidence for more than one species in that region is lacking.

Many European lakes have more than one ''Coregonus'' morph differing in ecology and morphology (especially gill rakers). Such morphs are sometimes partially reproductively isolated from each other, leading to suggestions of recognizing them as separate but clinal species. The morphs or clinal species may rapidly disappear (in 15 years or less, equalling three ''Coregonus'' generations) by merging into a single in response to changes in the habitat. A similar pattern can be seen in North America where the ciscoes of the '' Coregonus artedi'' complex in the Great Lakes and elsewhere comprise several, often co-occurring morphs or ecotypes, whose taxonomic status remains controversial.

Species

In 2017, FishBase listed 78 species, including the more than 50 proposed for Europe in 2007. Some of these are recently extinct (marked with a dagger, "†") and ''C. reighardi'' is likely extinct.

* '' Coregonus acrinasus'' Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020
* '' Coregonus albellus'' Fatio, 1890 (autumn brienzlig)
* '' Coregonus albula'' Linnaeus, 1758 (vendace)
* †'' Coregonus alpenae'' ( Koelz, 1924) (longjaw cisco)
* '' Coregonus alpinus'' Fatio, 1885 (kropfer)
* '' Coregonus anaulorum'' Chereshnev, 1996
* '' Coregonus arenicolus'' Kottelat, 1997
* '' Coregonus artedi'' Lesueur, 1818 (northern cisco or lake herring)

* '' Coregonus atterensis'' Kottelat, 1997
* '' Coregonus austriacus'' C. C. Vogt, 1909
* '' Coregonus autumnalis'' ( Pallas, 1776) (Arctic cisco)
* '' Coregonus baerii'' Kessler, 1864
* '' Coregonus baicalensis'' Dybowski, 1874
* '' Coregonus baunti'' Mukhomediyarov, 1948
* ''Coregonus bavaricus'' Hofer, 1909
* †'' Coregonus bezola'' Fatio, 1888 (bezoule)
* '' Coregonus brienzii'' Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020
* '' Coregonus candidus'' Goll, 1883
* '' Coregonus chadary'' Dybowski, 1869 (Khadary whitefish)
* '' Coregonus clupeaformis'' ( Mitchill, 1818) (lake whitefish)
* '' Coregonus clupeoides'' Lacépède, 1803 (powan)
* '' Coregonus confusus'' Fatio, 1885
* '' Coregonus danneri'' C. C. Vogt, 1908
* '' Coregonus duplex'' Fatio, 1890
* '' Coregonus fatioi'' Kottelat, 1997
* †'' Coregonus fera'' Jurine, 1825 (fera)
* '' Coregonus fontanae'' M. Schulz & Freyhof, 2003 (Stechlin cisco)
* †'' Coregonus gutturosus'' ( C. C. Gmelin ( de), 1818)
* '' Coregonus heglingus'' Schinz, 1822
* †'' Coregonus hiemalis'' Jurine, 1825 (gravenche)
* '' Coregonus hoferi'' L. S. Berg, 1932
* '' Coregonus holsata'' Thienemann, 1916

* '' Coregonus hoyi'' ( Milner, 1874) (bloater)
* '' Coregonus huntsmani'' W. B. Scott, 1987 (Atlantic whitefish)
* †'' Coregonus johannae'' ( G. Wagner, 1910) (deepwater cisco)
* '' Coregonus kiletz'' Michailovsky, 1903
* '' Coregonus kiyi'' ( Koelz, 1921) (kiyi)
* '' Coregonus ladogae'' Pravdin, Golubev & Belyaeva, 1938
* '' Coregonus laurettae'' T. H. Bean, 1881 (Bering cisco)

* '' Coregonus lavaretus'' Linnaeus, 1758 (common whitefish, European whitefish; lavaret)
* '' Coregonus lucinensis'' Thienemann, 1933
* '' Coregonus lutokka'' Kottelat, Bogutskaya & Freyhof, 2005
* '' Coregonus macrophthalmus'' Nüsslin, 1882
* '' Coregonus maraena'' ( Bloch, 1779) (maraena whitefish)
* '' Coregonus maraenoides'' L. S. Berg, 1916
* '' Coregonus maxillaris'' Günther, 1866
* '' Coregonus megalops'' Widegren, 1863 (lacustrine fluvial whitefish)
* '' Coregonus migratorius'' ( Georgi, 1775) (omul)
* '' Coregonus muksun'' ( Pallas, 1814) (muksun)
* '' Coregonus nasus'' ( Pallas, 1776) (broad whitefish)

* '' Coregonus nelsonii'' T. H. Bean, 1884 (Alaska whitefish)
* †'' Coregonus nigripinnis'' ( Milner, 1874) (blackfin cisco)
* '' Coregonus nilssoni'' Valenciennes, 1848
* '' Coregonus nipigon'' ( Koelz, 1925)
* '' Coregonus nobilis'' Haack, 1882
* †'' Coregonus oxyrinchus'' Linnaeus, 1758 (houting)
* '' Coregonus palaea'' G. Cuvier, 1829
* '' Coregonus pallasii'' Valenciennes, 1848
* '' Coregonus peled'' ( J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (peled)
* '' Coregonus pennantii'' Valenciennes, 1848 (gwyniad)

* '' Coregonus pidschian'' ( J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (humpback whitefish)
* '' Coregonus pollan'' W. Thompson, 1835 (Irish pollan)
* '' Coregonus pravdinellus'' Dulkeit, 1949
* '' Coregonus profundus'' Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020
* '' Coregonus reighardi'' ( Koelz, 1924) (shortnose cisco)
* '' Coregonus renke'' ( Schrank, 1783)
* †'' Coregonus restrictus'' Fatio, 1885
* '' Coregonus sardinella'' Valenciennes, 1848 (Sardine cisco)
* '' Coregonus steinmanni'' Oliver M. Selz, Carmela J. Dönz, Pascal Vonlanthen, Ole Seehausen, 2020
* '' Coregonus stigmaticus'' Regan, 1908 (schelly)
* '' Coregonus subautumnalis'' Kaganowsky, 1932
* '' Coregonus suidteri'' Fatio, 1885
* '' Coregonus trybomi'' Svärdson ( sv), 1979
* '' Coregonus tugun'' ( Pallas, 1814)
* '' Coregonus ussuriensis'' L. S. Berg, 1906 (Amur whitefish)
* '' Coregonus vandesius'' J. Richardson, 1836 (vendace)
* '' Coregonus vessicus'' Dryagin, 1932
* '' Coregonus wartmanni'' ( Bloch, 1784)
* '' Coregonus widegreni'' Malmgren, 1863 (Valaam whitefish)
* '' Coregonus zenithicus'' ( D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1909) (shortjaw cisco)
* '' Coregonus zuerichensis'' Nüsslin, 1882
* '' Coregonus zugensis'' Nüsslin, 1882

References

External links

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Ray-finned fish genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus