Cordillera Central, Luzon

The Cordillera Central or Cordillera Range is a massive mountain range long north–south and east-west situated in the north-central part of the island of Luzon, in the Philippines. The mountain range encompasses all provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region ( Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province), as well as portions of eastern Ilocos Norte, eastern Ilocos Sur, eastern La Union, northeastern Pangasinan, western Nueva Vizcaya, and western Cagayan.

To the north, the mountain range terminates at the northern shores of Luzon along the Babuyan Channel in Ilocos Norte and Cagayan provinces. At its southeastern part, the Central Cordillera is linked to the Sierra Madre Mountains, the longest mountain range in the country, through the Caraballo Mountains in Nueva Vizcaya province. During Spanish colonial period, the whole range was called ''Nueva Provincia'' (New Province).

Geography

The Cordillera Central is the highest mountain range in the Philippines. It comprises about 1/6 of the whole Luzon island with a total area of . The highest mountain in the range, Mount Pulag, is also the highest mountain in Luzon at . It is officially the third highest mountain in the country after Mount Dulang-dulang and Mount Apo on Mindanao Island, the second largest island of the Philippines.

The mountain range separates the Ilocos plains on the west and the Cagayan Valley on the east. It also affects the weather pattern in the island of Luzon in such it acts as a barrier against the Northeast and Southwest monsoons as well as cyclones crossing the island.

This is the biggest and highest mountain chain in the Philippines, measuring long north to south, and width east to west, and consists of three ranges. The Malayan Range is located in the northern and western portion of the Cordillera, followed by the Central Range, and then the Polis Range in the eastern portion. Mount Data contains the headwaters for Suyoc, which flows into the Abra River, the Chico flows into the Cagayan River, the Asin flows into the Magat River, and the Agno River flows into Lingayen Gulf.

Topography

List of Peaks in Cordillera by elevation.
*Mount Pulag
* Mount Tabayoc
* Mount Pual
* Mount Timbak
* Mount Kalawitan
* Mount Kapiligan
* Mount Amuyao
* Mount Panotoan
* Mount Alchan
* Mount Osdung
* Mount Napulauan
* Mount Babadak
*Mount Abao
* Mount Nangaoto
* Mount Bangbanglang
* Mount Sapocoy
*Mount Pawoi
* Mount Mausan
* Mount Camingingel
* Mount Sicapoo
* Mount Alimungao
* Mount Aki
* Mount Pauadan
*Mount Loco-ono
* Mount Binuluan
*Mount Data
*Mount Pack
* Mount Sipitan
* Mount Mengmeng
* Mount Matoni
* Mount Napalauan
* Mount Ambubungan
*Mount Santo Tomas
* Mount Guibul
* Mount Balait
* Mount Toyangan
* Mount Lacob-ti-duyog
*Mount Bayoyo
* Mount Palansa
* Mount Ugo
* Mount Masbit
* Mount Lamagan
* Mount Lobo
* Mount Damocnoc
* Mount Burnay
* Mount Tagpew
* Mount Puguis
* Mount Patapat
* Mount Yabnong
* Mount Kabuyao
* Mount Manmanoc
* Mount Polis
* Mount Bakoko
* Mount Awapanniki
* Carrot Peak
*Mount Lungod
* Mount Bayabas
* Mount Mating-oy
* Mount Poris
* Mount Oyayao
* Mount Patoc
* Mount Ulap
* Mount Atok
* Mount Ambaguio
* Mount Ampalauag
* Mount Binmaca
* Mount Yangbew
* Mount Lusod
* Mount Ananeto
* Mount Kotkot
* Mount Bumalayak
* Mount Dusong
* Mount Nazagarray
* Mount Talalang
* Mount Indalmogan
* Mount Inoman
* Mount Salat
* Mount Jamalapah
* Mount Puloy
*Mount Sagang
* Mount Binhagan
* Mount Santo Domingo
* Mount Mabittayon

Volcanoes

Three volcanoes with no historical eruptions but still thermally active are located within the Cordillera Central:
* Mount Binuluan, high in Kalinga province, has active solfataras and thermal springs.
* Mount Patoc, high about north of Bontoc town proper in Mountain Province, has several thermal springs in Barangay Mainit, Bontoc, on the western slope of the mountain.
* Mount Santo Tomas, high in Tuba, Benguet near Baguio, has Asin Hot Springs on its western slope.

Protected areas

* Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park
* Cassamata Hill National Park
* Lower Agno Watershed Forest Reserve
* Mount Data National Park
* Mount Pulag National Park
* Northern Luzon Heroes Hill National Park
* Upper Agno River Basin Resource Reserve

Waterfalls

List of waterfalls in Cordillera:
* Balentimol Falls, Hungduan
* Binanga Falls, La Trinidad
* Bomod-ok Falls, Sagada
* Bridal Veil Falls, Tuba
* Hydro Falls, Tuba
* Kaparkan Falls, Tineg
* Pattan Falls, Bakun
* Pongas Falls, Sagada
* Pungit Falls, Tinglayan
* Tappiya Falls, Banaue
* Tenogtog Falls, Mayoyao
* Towing Falls, Sablan

Environment

The mountains support a number of different types of habitat. Elevations above are covered in Luzon tropical pine forests of Benguet pine (''Pinus insularis'') except in the north of the range where the high slopes consist of Luzon montane rain forests. Elevations below 1000 meters are in the Luzon rain forests ecoregion.

Two major problems threaten the environment of the Cordillera: dam projects flood river valleys and remove habitat and also cause people to flee their houses and seek refuge in other areas; mining project destroy forest areas and also don't create wealth and resources for the upkeep of the tribal lands.

People

Inhabitants

Most of the Cordillera Central is the ancestral domain of the 'people of the mountains.' These ethno-linguistic groups include: Abra (Itneg), Apayao (Apayao), Benguet (Kankanaey and Ibaloi), Ifugao (Ifugao), Kalinga (Kalinga) and Mountain Province (Bontoc and Kankanaey). Each of these major ethno-linguistic groups has its own family of languages and cultures.

An alternative listing for the Northern Philippine tribes is: Apayao/Isnag, Abra/Tinguian, Kalinga, Gaddang, Applai, Bontoc, Bago, I-lagod, Kankana-ey, Kangkanai, Balangao, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Ikalahan, Kalanguya, Karao and Ilongot.

Culture and language

Beside their own tribal cultures, there is a Cordilleran culture which is largely molded by the geography of the Cordilleras, and their common heritage of resisting the invading imperial powers (Spain, United States, and Japan in the past – and after 1946 the central government in Manila is also regarded as such), including the continuing adverse encroachments by lowlanders.

Economy

The Cordillera Central is one of the country's richest regions in terms of natural resources, a major resource base of the Philippines. It contains 11% of the total area is agricultural rice fields, orchards, pig farms and pasture lands. 60% of the country's temperate vegetables are produced in the area. It is the country's premier mining district. There are eight big mining companies operating which are mostly foreign controlled. Some 80% of the total Philippine gold production comes from the Cordillera.

The range is also home to the headwaters of the major rivers in Northern Luzon, with several dams which include the Ambuklao and Binga in Benguet.

History

The Philippines was already of interest to Spain before the Spaniards even reached the land. In 1565, reports of huge gold mines in the Cordillera reached the Viceroy of Mexico, which led to the first official Spanish expedition to the Cordillera in 1576. King Philip III, waging the Thirty Year War which needed funding, sent orders for large expeditions to the Philippines.

In 1620, Captain Garcia de Aldana Cabrera offered the resisting Igorot tribal leaders clemency if they were willing to accept Catholic religion, obey the Spanish government and pay a fifth of all their mined gold to the Spanish king. They refused and the Spanish conquerors built forts and organized military troops to start the exploitation of the gold mines.

During the years that followed, the Spanish managed to trade gold despite setbacks from the Igorots, who because of their resistance remained relatively independent from Spanish rule. The price that the Igorots had to pay for this independence was that they became different from their colonized brothers.

The Philippines staged Asia's first nationalistic revolution in 1896, and declared its independence on June 12, 1898. The newly founded country was soon taken over by the United States of America. The US was the first foreign nation to fully invade the highlands of the Cordillera to push the mining operations in the territory.

Spain relinquished control of the Philippines to the United States of America due to the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which officially ended the hostilities of the Spanish–American War. After a short period of peace in the region after the treaty was finalized the Philippine–American War began until 1902, though pockets of fighting did not end until 1913. The result of these conflicts led to the US declaring the Philippines a protectorate, a form of colonialism with local autonomy. The United States established strategic military bases in the Philippines with the consent of the established government in Manila. During World War II, the Japanese temporarily seized control of the Philippines. A combined effort between the American armed forces and the Philippine commonwealth military managed to successfully drive out the Japanese by 1945.

On September 27, 1927, the Benguet Consolidated Mining Company discovered one of the richest veins of gold ever, at a time when the US was entering the Great Depression. This was the start of a real gold rush into Cordillera region: in 1929, there were 94 mining companies, by 1933 there were 17,812.

This extreme growth had tremendous results for the landscape; it changed the original one way Mountain Trail into a busy highway despite the road slides and cuts that occur up to this day. Again, similar to the fight against the Spanish, the indigenous inhabitants protested against the destruction of their land and the neglecting of their rights. Mining operations continued to grow and by 1939 the Philippines ranked among the world's leading gold producers, and second to the state of California among US producers.

From 1936 to 1946, the Philippines was granted domestic self-administration under the Commonwealth of the Philippines as a transitional period for complete independence. From 1941 to 1945, the country fell under Japanese rule and was liberated by military forces of the United States of America, and dare inside by the combined forces of the Allied Philippine Commonwealth military forces and local Igorot and Cordilleran guerrilla forces in Northern Luzon. The US subsequently recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.

The independent republic's policy shifted towards the integration of the 'cultural minorities' into mainstream culture. In 1966 the Philippine Congress passed the 'Separation Bill', dividing the old Mountain Province into four: Benguet, Mountain Province (Bontoc), Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao. The political elite hoped that the creation of several provinces would, by increasing the region's representation, increase development spending in the area.

Under the Marcos' administration, politicization of the Cordillera took a new turn. National government development projects in the area were against the interests of the indigenous peoples, and were strongly resisted by them. Particularly important were the Chico River Dam project and the Cellophil project. The first threatened to inundate traditional villages, the second gave outsiders control over vast forest lands. Resistance resulted in increased regional consciousness rather than local ethnic consciousness.

In 1986 the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution of the Philippines and he was succeeded by Corazon Aquino.

However, the Aquino administration failed to tackle substantial issues such as land reform and the restructuring of the economy. After the collapse of the negotiations between the government and the National Democratic Front (NDF), Aquino declared the "Total War Policy", aimed at recovering New People's Army (NPA) controlled areas and to destroy the NPA's organizational and infrastructure base. The NPA had moved into the Cordillera to assist in the resistance against the projects.

Biodiversity

The Giant bushy-tailed cloud rat (''Crateromys schadenbergi''),Field Museum of Natural History (2010).
Crateromys schadenbergi.
' Synopsis of Philippine Mammals. Accessed June 10, 2011 Large-toothed hairy-tailed rat ( Batomys dentatus), and Cordillera hairy-tailed rat ( Batomys granti) are species of large rodent endemic to Central Cordillera Range in Luzon, Philippines.

Gallery

File:Pot of gold.jpg, The range along Solsona-Apayao road in Ilocos Norte
File:TREKKING AT THE BATAD.jpg, Rice paddies at Batad Rice Terraces in Banaue, Ifugao
File:Abra Valley.jpg, Overlooking the Abra Valley and Bangued, Abra
File:UpperUma2206.jpg, Pasil, Kalinga Valley, viewed from Aggama to Duyaas track
File:PasalengBay01.jpg, Pasaleng Bay in Ilocos Norte showing the northern terminus of the mountain range
File:Clouds near Mt. Pulag.jpg, Mount Pulag summit and sea of clouds
File:Kibuñgan Cross country (KXC) -16.jpg, Kibungan, Benguet
File:Banaue-terrace.JPG, Banaue Rice Terraces

References

External links

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Mountain ranges of the Philippines
Landforms of Abra (province)
Landforms of Apayao
Landforms of Benguet
Landforms of Ifugao
Landforms of Kalinga (province)
Landforms of Mountain Province
Cordilleras