Condado de Treviño ("

County A county () is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesL. Brookes (ed.) '' Chambers Dictionary''. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2005. in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French denoti ...

of Treviño") is a

municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

in the

province A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...

Burgos Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populous municipality of the province of Burgos. Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of th ...

autonomous community The autonomous communities () are the first-level administrative divisions of Spain, created in accordance with the Spanish Constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy to the nationalities and regions that make up Sp ...

Castile and León Castile and León is an Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in northwestern Spain. Castile and León is the largest autonomous community in Spain by area, covering 94,222 km2. It is, however, sparsely populated, with a pop ...

, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the

enclave of Treviño An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is some ...

. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is surrounded by the province of

Álava Álava () or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a Provinces of Spain, province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country, heir of the ancient Basque señoríos#Lords of Álava, Lordship ...

, part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. The seat of the municipality is Treviño. As of 2015, the municipality had a population of 1,362.

History

An abundance of prehistoric remains testify that the Condado de Treviño has been inhabited since ancient times. In pre-

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...

times, the Varduls, Caristios and Autrigones all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance. In the hamlet of

Laño Laño () is a hamlet and '' concejo'' (a small administrative subdivision) in Condado de Treviño within the Treviño enclave; which is administratively part of the Spanish province of Burgos, but which is completely surrounded by the territo ...

one can still see artificial caves that were inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago. The Las Gobas caves preserve inscriptions and drawings of animals. Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño was founded some time between 1151 and 1161 by Navarrese king Sancho VI ("Sancho El Sabio", "Sancho the Wise"). In 1200 it was conquered by

Alfonso VIII Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of Las Navas (el de las Navas), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarc ...

of Castile. As a crossroads in the Middle Ages, the city of Treviño had an important

Jew Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...

ish quarter. Another early village was Sáseta on the ''Camino del Vino y el Pescado'', the "road of wine and fish" that connected the

Ebro The Ebro (Spanish and Basque ; , , ) is a river of the north and northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, in Spain. It rises in Cantabria and flows , almost entirely in an east-southeast direction. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a de ...

valley to the

Cantabria Cantabria (, ; ) is an autonomous community and Provinces of Spain, province in northern Spain with Santander, Cantabria, Santander as its capital city. It is called a , a Nationalities and regions of Spain, historic community, in its current ...

n coast. On 8 April 1366,

Henry II of Castile Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (''el Fratricida''), was the first List of Castilian monarchs, King of Castile and List of Leonese monarchs, León from the House of Trastámara. He became ...

ceded to Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of ''Treviño de Uda'' and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the ''Condado de Treviño'' as

Gómez Manrique Gómez Manrique y de Castilla (c. 1412 – c. 1490) was a Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist. Biography Gómez Manrique was born in Amusco. The fifth son of Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza, (1382–1440), adelantado mayor of ...

, the great-grandson of Pedro Manrique was given the title of

Count Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...

. The

Catholic Monarchs The Catholic Monarchs were Isabella I of Castile, Queen Isabella I of Crown of Castile, Castile () and Ferdinand II of Aragon, King Ferdinand II of Crown of Aragón, Aragon (), whose marriage and joint rule marked the ''de facto'' unification of ...

would later (in 1483) grant the title of Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ''ayuntamiento'' (town hall) of the municipality. Under the 1785 territorial disposition by the Count of Floridablanca, the Condado de Treviño formed part of the partido de Miranda de Ebro; it was divided into the town of Treviño and four ''cuadrillas'': the Cuadrilla de Abajo, the Cuadrilla de río Somoayuda, Cuadrilla de Val de Lauri and the Cuadrilla de Val de Tobera.

The enclave

After Castile conquered Álava (1200), most of the region was left under the relatively egalitarian ''

fuero (), (), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ...

s'' typical of the Basque Country. Treviño was not. However, reportedly Treviño was annexed to Castile somewhat later after the fall of Vitoria-Gasteiz. First a royal seigneury, and later under the rule of a noble family, Treviño remained tied to Castile. In 1358 and 1417 Treviño joined the fraternities made up of several towns in the heartland and fringes of Álava, the core of the present-day province. However, the Castilian king, failing to honour his oaths, assigned Treviño to the Manrique de Lara aristocrats, to become to counts of Treviño (County in 1453). The county made several petitions for its reincorporation to Álava. The first took place in 1646, led by the members and representatives of the local council backed up by 390 supportive signatures (households) from 44 spots all across the county, when the petition was turned down by the Crown of Castile and probably the count. The enclave of Treviño was one of the few enclaves preserved in the

1833 territorial division of Spain The 1833 territorial division of Spain divided the country into provinces, in turn classified into "historic regions" ().

, an island of

Old Castile Old Castile ( ) is a historic region of Spain, which had different definitions across the centuries. Its extension was formally defined in the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: Santander (now Cantabria ...

in the midst of Álava. Two further attempts ensued for the re-incorporation to Álava before the Civil War, 1917–19 and 1936, both within the context of the works to design a

Basque statute of autonomy The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country of 1979 (; ), widely known as the Statute of Gernika (; {{langx, es, Estatuto de Guernica), is the legal document organizing the political system of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country' ( ...

. In 1998 a referendum was held to poll its inhabitants on the possible attachment of the county to the province of Álava. The votation resulted in a turnout of 76% with a 68% advocating to join Álava. A like referendum was held first time in 1940 just after the civil war, with a 98% of the voters supporting the same option, which nowadays is backed primarily, but not only, by

Basque nationalists Basque nationalism ( ; ; ) is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group Indigenous peoples of Europe, indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques, today scattered bet ...

. The Regional Council of

has opposed in modern times any such popular consultations on the matter or any binding effect of its results.

Politics

The municipal elections of 2015 in the Condado de Treviño gave 2 council seats to independent "Ciudadanos del Condado" (''Citizens of the Condado''), 2 to the also independent (and pro-

Basque Basque may refer to: * Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France * Basque language, their language Places * Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France * Basque Country (autonomous co ...

) Agrupación Electoral Independiente del Condado de Treviño (''Independent Group of the Condado de Trebiño''), 2 to the centre-right People's Party, one for the independent "Condado para todos" (''Condado for All''), one to the left-wing Basque nationalist Euskal Herria Bildu, one to the centre-right

Basque Nationalist Party The Basque Nationalist Party ( , EAJ; , PNV; , PNB; EAJ-PNV), officially the Basque National Party in English, is a Basque nationalist and regionalist political party. The party is located in the centre of the political spectrum. It has been de ...

and none to the centre-left

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ( , PSOE ) is a Social democracy, social democratic Updated as required.The PSOE is described as a social-democratic party by numerous sources: * * * * List of political parties in Spain, political party ...

Demography

Añastro, Pariza and the above-mentioned Sáseta were once independent municipalities. Beginning with the 1857 census, the figures for the municipality of Condado de Treviño incorporate Pariza and Sáseta; beginning with the census of 1930 it incorporates Añastro as well. The adjacent La Puebla de Arganzón forms part of the same enclave, but remains a municipality in its own right.

Hamlets and towns

As can be seen from the numbers in the previous section, throughout most of the second half of the 20th century the population of Condado de Treviño declined steadily. Most of the population was moving to Vitoria, and in 1974 several ''pedanías''—hamlets—ceased to have any formal existence and were simply aggregated into Treviño. The following ''juntas vecinales''—local governments—were dissolved that year: Ajarte, Araico, Ascarza, Burgueta, Dordóniz, Grandival, Meana, Mesanza, Moscador, Pedruzo, Samiano, San Martín de Galvarín, San Vicentejo, Sáseta, and Zurbitu. As of 2008 there are 36 '' minor local entities'', the status within the autonomous community of Castile and León for a recognized community smaller than a municipality. They are as follows: In addition, the following hamlets have no formal status:

Heritage sites and other places of interest

Four sites within Condado de Treviño are formally recognized by the Spanish Ministry of Culture as part of Spain's ''Patrimonio Histórico'' (literally "historic patrimony", heritage sites): * The Cuevas de

, artificial caves inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago, declared part of the ''Patrimonio Histórico'' 23 June 1978. * The prehistoric caves of "Montico" in Albaina, declared 21 August 1976. * The artistic-historic assemblage of the town of Treviño, declared 28 September 1983. * Ermita (Hermitage) de la Purísima Concepción, in San Vicentejo, declared 11 March 1994. : Source:Ministerio de Cultura/Base de datos de bienes inmuebles
/ref> Other places of interest include the forests of Obécuri and Bajauri; Izki Natural Park, with the largest massing of '' Quercus pyrenaica'' in Europe; the gorge of the river Ayuda; the route from Sáseta to Oquina, crossing Laño-Laguardia; the Aguillo-Ajarte crossing of Palogán mountain; the town of Pariza; the town of Cucho, whose buildings have been completely restored; and the hermitages of San Formerio, San Vicentejo, Ermita de Albaina, and Ermita de Pariza.

Towns of Condado de Treviño

File:Treviño Pueblo 01.jpg, Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño File: Añastroko eliza.jpg, San Andrés Church (16th century) in Añastro File:Armentia trebiñu.jpg,

Armentia Armentia is one of the villages associated with Vitoria-Gasteiz. Its name comes from the Latin word ''armentum,'' which translated into English means "intensive farming". The village is well known for its 161 hectare park created in 1998. The north ...

File:Arrieta mendia eta herria.jpg, Arrieta (Burgos) File:Arrietatrebiñu.jpg, A street in Arrieta File:Bustu.jpg, Busto de Treviño File:Kutxuko eliza eta plaza.jpg, Invención de la Santa Cruz Church in Cucho File:Doroñu.jpg, Doroño File:Franku trebiñu.jpg, Franco town. File:Golernio.jpg, Golernio File:Imiruri.jpg, Imiruri File:Obekuri 2007 9 27.JPG, Obécuri File:Otxate - Ruinas 04.jpg, The abandoned town of Ochate, with the tower of the ancient San Miguel Church File:Ozana.jpg, Asunción de Nuestra Señora Church in Ozana File:San vicentejo.jpg, La Concepción Hermitage (12th century) in San Vicentejo File:Iglesia de Saraso.jpg, San Andrés Church (12th century) in Saraso File:Uzquiano-iglesia.JPG, Late Romanesque church in Uzquiano

Notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Condado de Trevino Municipalities in the Province of Burgos Basque politics Enclaves and exclaves