Concerti Grossi, Op. 6 (Handel)

The Twelve Grand Concertos, Op. 6, HWV 319–330, by George Frideric Handel are ''concerti grossi'' for a concertino trio of two violins and cello and a ripieno four-part string orchestra with harpsichord continuo. First published by subscription in London by John Walsh in 1739, they became in a second edition two years later Handel's Opus 6. Taking the older concerto da chiesa and concerto da camera of Arcangelo Corelli as models, rather than the later three-movement Venetian concerto of Antonio Vivaldi favoured by Johann Sebastian Bach, they were written to be played during performances of Handel's oratorios and odes. Despite the conventional model, Handel incorporated in the movements the full range of his compositional styles, including trio sonatas, operatic arias, French overtures, Italian sinfonias, airs, fugues, themes and variations and a variety of dances. The concertos were largely composed of new material: they are amongst the finest examples in the genre of baroque concerto grosso.

History and origins

In 1735 Handel had started to incorporate organ concertos into performances of his oratorios. By showcasing himself as composer-performer, he could provide an attraction to match the Italian castrati of the rival company, the Opera of the Nobility. These concertos formed the basis of the Handel organ concertos Op.4, published by John Walsh in 1738.

The first and the last of these six concertos, HWV 289 and HWV 294, were originally written in 1736 to be performed during Alexander's Feast, Handel's setting of John Dryden's ode Alexander's Feast or The Power of Musick – the former for chamber organ and orchestra, the latter for harp, strings and continuo. In addition in January 1736 Handel composed a short and lightweight concerto grosso for strings in C major, HWV 318, traditionally referred to as the "Concerto in Alexander's Feast", to be played between the two acts of the ode. Scored for string orchestra with solo parts for two violins and violoncello, it had four movements and was later published in Walsh's collection ''Select Harmony'' of 1740. Its first three movements (''allegro'', ''largo'', ''allegro'') have the form of a contemporary Italian concerto, with alternation between solo and tutti passages. The less conventional fourth movement, marked ''andante, non presto'', is a charming and stately gavotte with elegant variations for the two violins.

Because of changes in popular tastes, the season in 1737 had been disastrous for both the Opera of the Nobility and Handel's own company, which by that time he managed single-handedly. At the close of the season Handel suffered a form of physical and mental breakdown, which resulted in paralysis of the fingers on one hand. Persuaded by friends to take the waters at Aix-la-Chapelle, he experienced a complete recovery. Henceforth, with the exception of Giove in Argo (1739), Imeneo (1740) and Deidamia (1741), he abandoned Italian opera in favour of the English oratorio, a new musical genre that he was largely responsible for creating. The year 1739 saw the first performance of his great oratorio Saul, his setting of John Dryden's Ode for St Cecilia's Day and the revival of his pastoral English opera or serenata Acis and Galatea. In the previous year he had produced the choral work Israel in Egypt and in 1740 he composed L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato, a cantata-like setting of John Milton's poetry.

For the 1739–1740 season at the Lincoln's Inn Fields theatre, Handel composed ''Twelve Grand Concertos'' to be performed during intervals in these masques and oratorios, as a feature to attract audiences: forthcoming performances of the new concertos were advertised in the London daily papers. Following the success of his organ concertos Op.4, his publisher John Walsh had encouraged Handel to compose a new set of concertos for purchase by subscription under a specially acquired Royal License. There were just over 100 subscribers, including members of the royal family, friends, patrons, composers, organists and managers of theatres and pleasure-gardens, some of whom bought multiple sets for larger orchestral forces. Handel's own performances usually employed two continuo instruments, either two harpsichords or a harpsichord and a chamber organ; some of the autograph manuscripts have additional parts appended for oboes, the extra forces available for performances during oratorios. Walsh had himself very successfully sold his own 1715 edition of Corelli's celebrated Twelve concerti grossi, Op. 6, first published posthumously in Amsterdam in 1714. The later choice of the same opus number for the second edition of 1741, the number of concertos and the musical form cannot have been entirely accidental; more significantly Handel in his early years in Rome had encountered and fallen under the influence of Corelli and the Italian school. The twelve concertos were produced in a space of five weeks in late September and October 1739, with the dates of completion recorded on all but No.9. The ten concertos of the set that were largely newly composed were first heard during performance of oratorios later in the season. The two remaining concertos were reworkings of organ concertos, HWV 295 in F major (nicknamed " the Cuckoo and the Nightingale" because of the imitations of birdsong in the organ part) and HWV 296 in A major, both of which had already been heard by London audiences earlier in 1739. In 1740 Walsh published his own arrangements for solo organ of these two concertos, along with arrangements of four of the Op. 6 concerti grossi (Nos. 1, 4, 5 and 10).

The composition of the concerti grossi, however, because of the unprecedented period of time laid aside for their composition, seem to have been a conscious effort by Handel to produce a set of orchestral "masterpieces" for general publication: a response and homage to the ever-popular concerti grossi of Corelli as well as a lasting record of Handel's own compositional skills. Despite the conventionality of the Corellian model, the concertos are extremely diverse and in parts experimental, drawing from every possible musical genre and influenced by musical forms from all over Europe.

The ten concertos that had been newly composed (all those apart from Nos. 9 and 11) received their premières during the performances of oratorios and odes during the winter season 1739–1740, as evidenced by contemporary advertisements in the London daily papers. Two were performed on 22 November, St Cecilia's Day, during performances of Alexander's Feast and Ode for St Cecilia's Day; two more on 13 December and another four on 14 February. Two concertos were heard at the first performance of L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato at the end of February; and two more in March and early April during revivals of Saul and Israel in Egypt. The final pair of concertos were first played during a performance of ''L'Allegro'' on 23 April, just two days after the official publication of the set.

Movements

Borrowings

*No. 1 The first movement was a complete reworking of a first draft of the overture for Imeneo, Handel's penultimate Italian opera, composed over a prolonged period from 1738 to 1740. In an influential study, musicologist Alexander Silbiger argues that in the last movement, "beginning with the opening figure, there is a series of almost literal quotations from the Sonata no. 2" of the ''Essercizi Gravicembalo'' of Domenico Scarlatti, which had been published in London in 1738/39.
*No. 2 Newly composed.
*No. 3 Newly composed.
*No. 4 Mostly newly composed. the final ''allegro'' is a reworking of the aria ''È si vaga'' in preparation for ''Imeneo''.
*No. 5 Movements i, ii and vi are taken from the Ode for St Cecilia's Day. The first movement is derived from the ''Componimenti Musicali'' (1739) for harpsichord by Gottlieb Muffat and the fifth from the twenty third sonata in Domenico Scarlatti's ''Essercizi Gravicembalo'' (1738).
*No. 6 Newly composed.
*No. 7 Newly composed, except for the final ''hornpipe'' derived from Muffat's ''Componimenti Musicali''.
*No. 8 The ''allemande'' is a reworking of the first movement of Handel's second harpsichord suite from his third set (No. 16), HWV 452, in G minor. Andrew Manze notes that its first bar "is a direct transposition of the opening bar of one of Johann Mattheson's ''Pièces de clavecin''," and speculates "Perhaps, it is meant as a salute to an old friend, teacher and dueling partner" The 4-note figure used in the third movement goes back to a quartet from Handel's opera Agrippina. In the fourth movement Handel quotes the opening ritornello of Cleopatra's aria ''Piangerò la sorte mia'' from the third act of his opera Giulio Cesare. In the fifth movement Handel uses material from the discarded aria "Love from such a parent born" from Saul.
*No. 9 The first movement was newly composed. The second and third movements are reworkings of the first two movements of the organ concerto in F major, HWV 295, "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale". The fourth and fifth movements are taken from the overture to ''Imeneo''. The theme of the Gigue is "thematically reminiscent of the Giga in Arcangelo Corelli's Concerto Grosso No. 12" of the Twelve concerti grossi, Op. 6 (Corelli)" – the model for Handel's op. 6.
*No. 10 Newly composed.
*No. 11 A reworking of Handel's organ concerto in A major, HWV 296. Handel borrowed the third-movement (Andante)'s melodic material from the opening of the Third Sonata of the ''Frische Clavier Früchte'' of Johann Kuhnau, published originally in 1696 but reprinted four other times, including in 1724.
*No. 12 Mostly newly composed. The subject of the final fugue is derived from a fugue by Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, Handel's music teacher.

Musical structure

The analysis of individual movements is taken from , and the notes by Hans Joachim Marx accompanying the recordings by Trevor Pinnock and the English Concert.

No. 1, HWV 319

The first short movement of the concerto starts dramatically, solemn and majestic: the orchestra ascends by degrees towards a more sustained section, each step in the ascent followed by a downward sighing figure first from the full orchestra, echoed by the solo violins. This severe grandeur elicits a gentle and eloquent response from the concertino string trio, in the manner of Corelli, with imitations and passages in thirds in the violins. The orchestra and soloists continue their dialogue until in the final ten bars, there is a reprise of the introductory music, now muted and in the minor key, ending with a remarkable chromatic passage of noble simplicity descending to the final drooping cadence.

The second movement is a lively allegro. The material is derived from the first two bars and a half bar figure that occurs in sequences and responses. Although it displays some elements of classical sonata form, the movement's success is due more to the unpredictable interchanges between orchestra and soloists.

The third movement is a dignified adagio, using similar anapaest figures to those in opening bars of the first movement. As Charles Burney wrote in 1785, "In the ''adagio'', while the two trebles are singing in the style of vocal duets of the time, where these parts, though not in regular fugue, abound in ''imitations'' of the fugue kind; the base, with a boldness and character peculiar to Handel, supports with learning and ingenuity the subject of the two first bars, either direct or inverted, throughout the movement, in a clear, distinct and marked manner."

The fugal fourth movement has a catchy subject, first heard completely from the soloist. Despite being fugal in nature, it does not adhere to the strict rules of counterpoint, surprising the listener instead with ingenious episodes, alternating between the ripieno and concertino; at the close, where a bold restatement of the theme would be expected, Handel playfully curtails the movement with two pianissimo bars.

The last concerto-like movement is an energetic gigue in two parts, with the soloists echoing responses to the full orchestra.

No. 2, HWV 320

This four-movement concerto resembles a sonata da chiesa. From the original autograph, Handel initially intended the concerto to have two extra movements, a fugue in the minor key as second movement and a final ''gigue''; these movements were later used elsewhere in the set.

The opening ''andante larghetto'' is noble, spacious and flowing, with rich harmonies. The responses from the concertino trio are derived from the opening ritornello. They alternate between a graceful legato and more decisive dotted rhythms. It has been suggested that the three unusual adagio cadences interrupted by pauses prior to the close indicate that Handel expected cadenzas by each of the soloists, although the surviving scores show no indication of this.

The second movement is an ''allegro'' in D minor in a contrapuntal trio sonata style. The animated semiquaver figure of the opening bars is played in imitation or in parallel thirds as a kind of moto perpetuo.

The third movement is unconventional. It alternates between two different moods: in the stately ''largo'' sections the full orchestra and solo violins respond in successive bars with incisive dotted rhythms; the ''larghetto, andante e piano'' at a slightly quicker speed in repeated quavers, is gentle and mysterious with harmonic complexity created by suspensions in the inner parts.

There is an apparent return to orthodoxy in the fourth movement which begins with a vigorous fugue in four parts, treated in a conventional manner. It is interrupted by contrasting interludes marked pianissimo in which a slow-moving theme, solemn and lyrical, is heard in the solo strings above repeated chords. This second theme is later revealed to be a counterpoint to the original fugal subject.

No. 3, HWV 321

In the opening ''larghetto'' in E minor the full orchestra three times plays the ritornello, a sarabande of serious gravity. The three concertino responses veer towards the major key, but only transitorily. The dialogue is resolved with the full orchestra combining the music from the ritornello and the solo interludes.

The profoundly tragic mood continues in the following ''andante'', one of Handel's most personal statements. The movement is a fugue on a striking atonal four-note theme, B–G–D–C, which is reminiscent of Domenico Scarlatti's Cat fugue. The suspensions and inner parts recall the contrapuntal writing of Bach. There is an unexpected addition of a G in the last entry of the four-note theme in the bass as the movement draws to a close.

The third movement is an ''allegro''. Of all the Op. 6, it comes the closest to Vivaldi's concerto writing, with its stern opening unison ritornello; however, despite a clear difference in texture between the solo violin sections and the orchestral tuttis, Handel breaks from the model by sharing material between both groups.

Although the charming and graceful fourth movement in G major is described as a ''polonaise'', it has very few features in common with this popular eighteenth century dance form. The lower strings simulate a drone, creating a pastoral mood, but the dance-like writing for upper strings is more courtly than rustic.

The final short ''allegro, ma non troppo'' in time brings the concerto back to E minor and a more serious mood, with chromaticism and unexpected key changes in the dialogue between concertino and ripieno.

No. 4, HWV 322

The fourth concerto in A minor is a conventional orchestral concerto in four movements, with very little writing for solo strings, except for brief passages in the second and last movements.

The first movement, marked ''larghetto affetuoso'', has been described as one of Handel's finest movements, broad and solemn. The melody is played by the first violins in unison, their falling appoggiatura semiquavers reflecting the galant style. Beneath them, the bass part moves steadily in quavers, with extra harmony provided by the inner parts.

The second ''allegro'' is an energetic fugue, the brief exchanges between concertino and ripieno strictly derived from the unusually long subject. The sombreness of the movement is underlined by the final cadence on the lowest strings of the violins and violas.

The ''largo e piano'' in F major is one of Handel's most sublime and simple slow movements, a sarabande in the Italian trio sonata style. Above a steady crotchet walking bass, the sustained theme is gently exchanged between the two violin parts, with imitations and suspensions; harmonic colour is added in the discreet viola part. In the closing bars the crotchet figure of the bass passes into the upper strings before the final cadence.

The last movement, an ''allegro'' in A minor, is a radical reworking of a soprano aria that Handel was preparing for his penultimate opera Imeneo. In the concerto, the material is more tightly argued, deriving from two fragmented highly rhythmic figures of 5 and 6 notes. Although there are unmistakable elements of wit in the imaginative development, the prevalent mood is serious: the sustained melodic interludes in the upper strings are tinged by unexpected flattened notes. In the coda, the first concertino violin restates the main theme, joined two bars later in thirds by the other solo violin and finally by repeated sustained pianissimo chords in the ripieno, modulating through unexpected keys. This is answered twice by two ''forte'' unison cadences, the second bringing the movement to a close.

No. 5, HWV 323

The fifth grand concerto in the brilliant key of D major is an energetic concerto in six movements. It incorporates in its first, second and sixth movements reworked versions of the three-movement overture to Handel's Ode for St Cecilia's Day HWV 76 (''Larghetto, e staccato'' – ''allegro'' – ''minuet''), composed in 1739 immediately prior to the Op. 6 concerti grossi and freely using Gottlieb Muffat's ''Componimenti musicali'' (1739) for much of its thematic material. The minuet was added later to the concerto grosso, perhaps for balance: it is not present in the original manuscript; the rejected trio from the overture was reworked at the same time for Op. 6 No. 3.

The first movement, in the style of a French overture with dotted rhythms and scale passages, for dramatic effect has the novel feature of being prefaced by a two bar passage for the first concertino violin.

The ''allegro'', a vigorous and high-spirited fugue, differs very little from that in the ''Ode'', except for three additional bars at the close. The composition, divided into easily discernible sections, relies more on harmony than counterpoint.

The third movement is a light-hearted ''presto'' in time and binary form. A busy semiquaver figure runs through the dance-like piece, interrupted only by the cadences.

The ''largo'' in time follows the pattern set by Corelli. The concertino parts dominate the movement, with the two solo violins in expressive counterpoint. Each episode for soloists is followed by a ''tutti'' response.

The delightful fifth ''allegro'' is written for full orchestra. The rollicking first subject is derived from the twenty third sonata in Domenico Scarlatti's ''Essercizi Gravicembalo'' of 1738. The subsequent repeated semiquaver passage-work over a walking bass recalls the style of Georg Philipp Telemann. Handel, however, treats the material in a wholly original way: the virtuoso movement is full of purpose with an unmistakable sense of direction, as the discords between the upper parts ineluctably resolve themselves.

The final ''menuet'', marked ''un poco larghetto'', is a more direct reworking of the minuet in the overture to the ''Ode''. The first statement of the theme is melodically pruned down, so that the quaver figure in the response gives the impression of a variation. This warm-hearted and solid movement was added at a later stage by Handel, perhaps because it provided a more effective way to end the concerto than the brilliant fifth movement.

No. 6, HWV 324

The sixth concerto in G minor was originally intended to have four movements. The autograph manuscript contains the sketch for a ''gavotte'' in two parts, which, possibly in order to restore an imbalance created by the length of the ''musette'' and its different key (E major), Handel abandoned in favour of two new shorter ''allegro'' movements. The musette thus became the central movement, with a return to the minor tonality in the concluding movements.

The first movement, marked ''Larghetto e affetuoso'', is one of the darkest that Handel wrote, with a tragic pathos that easily equals that of the finest dramatic arias in his opera seria. Although inspired by the model of Corelli, it is far more developed and innovative in rhythm, harmony and musical texture. There are brief passages for solo strings which make expressive unembellished responses to the full orchestra. Despite momentary suggestions of modulations to the relative major key, the music sinks back towards the prevailing melancholic mood of G minor; at the sombre close, the strings descend to the lowest part of their register.

The second movement is a concise chromatic fugue, severe, angular and unrelenting, showing none of Handel's usual tendency to depart from orthodoxy.

The elegiac ''musette'' in E major is the crowning glory of the concerto, praised by the contemporary commentator Charles Burney, who described how Handel would often perform it as a separate piece during oratorios. In this highly original ''larghetto'', Handel conjures up a long dreamy pastoral of some 163 bars. Like the similarly popular aria ''Son confusa pastorella'' from Act III of Handel's opera Poro re dell'Indie (1731), it was inspired by Telemann's ''Harmonischer Gottes Dienst''. The musette starts with a gravely beautiful main theme: Handel creates a unique dark texture of lower register strings over a drone bass, the traditional accompaniment for this dance, derived from the drone of the bagpipes. This sombre theme alternates with contrasting spirited episodes on the higher strings. The movement divides into four parts: first a statement of the theme from the full orchestra; then a continuation and extension of this material as a dialogue between concertino and ripieno strings, with the typical dotted rhythms of the musette; then a section for full orchestra in C minor with semiquaver passage-work for violins over the rhythms of the original theme in the lower strings; and finally a shortened version of the dialogue from the second section to conclude the work.

The following ''allegro'' is an energetic Italianate movement in the style of Vivaldi, with ritornello passages alternating with the virtuoso violin solo. It departs from its model in freely intermingling the solo and tutti passages after a central orchestral episode in D minor.

The final movement is a short dance-like ''allegro'' for full orchestra in time and binary form, reminiscent of the keyboard sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti.

No. 7, HWV 325

The seventh concerto is the only one for full orchestra: it has no solo episodes and all the movements are brief.

The first movement is a ''largo'', ten bars long, which like an overture leads into the ''allegro'' fugue on a single note, that only a composer of Handel's stature would have dared to attempt. The theme of the fugue consists of the same note for three bars (two minims, four crotchets, eight quavers) followed by a bar of quaver figures, which with slight variants are used as thematic material for the entire movement, a work relying primarily on rhythm.

The central expressive ''largo'' in G minor and time, reminiscent of the style of Bach, is harmonically complex, with a chromatic theme and closely woven four-part writing.

The two final movements are a steady ''andante'' with recurring ritornellos and a lively ''hornpipe'' replete with unexpected syncopation

No. 8, HWV 326

The eighth concerto in C minor draws heavily on Handel's earlier compositions. Its form, partly experimental, is close to that of the Italian concerto da camera, a suite of dances. There are six movements of great diversity.

The opening ''allemande'' for full orchestra is a reworking of the first movement of Handel's second harpsichord suite from his third set (No. 16), HWV 452, in G minor.

The short ''grave'' in F minor, with unexpected modulations in the second section, is sombre and dramatic. It is a true concerto movement, with exchanges between soloists and orchestra.

The third ''andante allegro'' is original and experimental, taking a short four-note figure from Handel's opera Agrippina as a central motif. This phrase and a repeated quaver figure are passed freely between soloists and ripieno in a movement that relies on musical texture.

The following brief ''adagio'', melancholy and expressive, would have been instantly recognized by Handel's audience as starting with a direct quotation from Cleopatra's aria ''Piangerò la sorte mia'' from Act III of his popular opera Giulio Cesare (1724).

The ''siciliana'' is similar in style to those Handel wrote for his operas, always marking moments of tragic pathos; one celebrated example is the soprano-alto duet ''Son nata a lagrimar'' for Sesto and Cornelia at the end of act 1 of ''Giulio Cesare''. Its theme was already used in the aria "Love from such a parent born" for Michal from his oratorio Saul (eventually discarded by Handel) and recurs in the aria "Se d'amore amanti siete" for soprano and two alto recorders from Imeneo, each time in the same key of C minor. The movement alternates passages for soloists and full orchestra. Some parts of the later thematic material seem like precursors of what Handel later used in Messiah in the ''pastoral symphony'' and in "He shall feed his flock". At the close, following a passage where the two solo violins play in elaborate counterpoint over a statement of the main theme in the full orchestra, Handel, in a stroke of inspiration, suddenly has a simple ''piano'' restatement of the theme in the concertino leading into two bars of bare and halting muted tutti chords, before a concluding reprise of the theme by the full orchestra.

The final ''allegro'' is a sort of polonaise in binary form for full orchestra. Its transparency and crispness result partly from the amalgamation of the second violin and viola parts into a single independent voice.

No. 9, HWV 327

The ninth concerto grosso is the only one undated in the original manuscript. Apart from the first and last movements, it contains the least quantity of freshly composed material of all the concertos.

The opening ''Largo'' consists of 28 bars of bare chords for full orchestra, with the interest provided by the harmonic progression and changes in the dynamic markings. Stanley Sadie declared the movement an unsuccessful experiment, but others have pointed out that it nevertheless holds the listener's attention, despite its starkness. Previous commentators have suggested that perhaps an extra improvised voice was intended by Handel, although such a demand on a soloist would have been beyond usual Baroque practice.

The second and third movements are reworkings of the first two of Handel's Organ Concerto in F major, HWV 295, known as "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale" because of its imitations of birdsong.

The ''Allegro'' is transformed into a more disciplined and broader movement than the original while retaining its innovative spirit. The solo and orchestral parts of the original are intermingled and redistributed in a novel way between ''concertino'' and ''ripieno''. The cuckoo effects are transformed into repeated notes supplemented by extra phrases, exploiting the contrasted sonorities of solo and tutti players. The nightingale effects are replaced by reprises of the ''ritornello'' and the modified cuckoo. What was the final organ solo, partly ''ad libitum'', becomes a set of virtuoso semiquaver passages, and an extra section of repeated notes precedes the final tutti.

The ''Larghetto'', a gentle ''Siciliana'', is similarly transformed. Its first forty bars use the same material, but Handel makes a stronger conclusion with a brief return to the opening theme.

For the fourth and fifth movements, Handel used the second and third parts of the second version of the overture to his still unfinished opera ''Imeneo''. Both were transposed from G to F. The ''Allegro'' is an animated but orthodox fugue; the ''Minuet'' starts unusually in the minor key but moves to the major for its eight-bar coda.

The final ''gigue'' in binary form was left over from Op. 6, No. 2, after Handel recomposed its closing movements.

No. 10, HWV 328

The tenth Grand Concerto in D minor has the form a baroque dance suite, introduced by a French overture: this accounts for the structure of the concerto and the presence of only one slow movement.

The first movement, marked ''ouverture'' – ''allegro'' – ''lentement'', has the form a French overture. The dotted rhythms in the slow first part are similar to those Handel used in his operatic overtures. The subject of the ''allegro'' fugue in time, two rhythmic bars leading into four bars in semiquavers, allowed him to make every restatement sound dramatic. The fugue leads into a short concluding ''lentement'' passage, a variant of the material from the start.

The ''Air, lentement'' is a sarabande-like dance movement of noble and monumental simplicity, its antique style enhanced by hints of modal harmonies.

The following two ''allegros'' are loosely based on the allemande and the courante. The scoring in the first ''allegro'', in binary form, is similar in style to that of allemandes in baroque keyboard suites. The second ''allegro'' is a longer, ingeniously composed movement in the Italian concerto style. There is no ritornello; instead the rhythmic material in the opening bars and the first entry in the bass line is used in counterpoint throughout the piece to create a feeling of rhythmic direction, full of merriment and surprises.

The final ''allegro moderato'' in D major had originally been intended for the twelfth concerto, when Handel had experimented with the keys of D major and B minor. A cheerful gavotte-like movement, it is in binary form, with a variation (or ''double'') featuring repeated semiquavers and quavers in the upper and lower strings.

No. 11, HWV 329

The eleventh concerto was probably the last to be completed according to the date in the autograph manuscript. Handel chose to make this concerto an adaptation of his recently composed but still unpublished organ concerto HWV 296 in A major: in either form it has been ranked as one of the very finest of Handel's concertos, "a monument of sanity and undemonstrative sense", according to Basil Lam. The concerto grosso is more carefully worked out, with an independent viola part and modifications to accommodate the string soloists. The ''ad libitum'' sections for organ are replaced by accompanied passages for solo violin. The order of the third and fourth movements was reversed so that the long ''andante'' became the central movement in the concerto grosso.

The first two movements together have the form of a French overture. In the ''andante larghetto, e staccato'' the orchestral ritornellos with their dotted rhythms alternate with the virtuoso passages for upper strings and solo first violin. The following ''allegro'' is a short four-part fugue which concludes with the fugal subject replaced by an elaborated semiquaver version of the first two bars of the original subject. In the autograph score of the first of his organ concertos Op.7 in D minor, Handel indicated that a version of this movement should be played, shared between organ and string and transposed up a semitone into B major.

An introductory six bar ''largo'' precedes the fourth movement, a long ''andante'' in Italian concerto form which forms the centre of the concerto.
The ritornello theme, of deceptive simplicity and quintessentially Handelian, alternates with virtuosic gigue-like passages for solo strings, in each reprise the ritornello subtly transformed but still recognizable.

The final ''allegro'' is an ingenious instrumental version of a da capo aria, with a middle section in the relative minor key, F minor. It incorporates the features of a Venetian concerto: the brilliant virtuosic episodes or solo violin alternate with the four-bar orchestral ritornello, which Handel varies on each reprise.

No. 12, HWV 330

The arresting dotted rhythms of the opening ''largo'' recall the dramatic style of the French overture, although the movement also serves to contrast the full orchestra with the quieter ripieno strings.

The following highly inventive movement is a brilliant and animated ''allegro'', a moto perpetuo. The busy semiquaver figure in the theme, passed constantly between different parts of the orchestra and the soloists, only adds to the overall sense of rhythmic and harmonic direction. Although superficially in concerto form, this movement's success is probably more a result of Handel's departure from convention.

The central third movement, marked ''Larghetto e piano'', contains one of the most beautiful melodies written by Handel. With its quiet gravity, it is similar to the ''andante larghetto'', sometimes referred to as the "minuet", in the overture to the opera ''Berenice'', which Charles Burney described as "one of the most graceful and pleasing movements that has ever been composed". The melody in time and E major is simple and regular with a wide range with a chaconne-like bass. After its statement, it is varied twice, the first time with a quaver walking bass, then with the melody itself played in quavers.

The fourth movement is a brief largo, like an accompanied recitative, which leads into the final ''allegro'' fugue. Its gigue-like theme is derived from a fugue of Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, Handel's boyhood teacher in Halle, to whom the movement is perhaps some form of homage.

Reception and influence

Handel's twelve grand concertos were already available to the public through Walsh's 1740 solo organ arrangements of four of them and through the various editions of the full Opus 6 produced during Handel's lifetime. Twenty-five years after Handel's death, a Handel Commemoration was initiated in London by George III in 1784, with five concerts in Westminster Abbey and the Pantheon. These concerts, repeated over the next few years and establishing an English tradition for Handel festivals in the nineteenth century and beyond, were on a grand scale, with huge choruses and instrumental forces, far beyond what Handel had at his disposal: apart from sackbuts and trombones, a special organ was installed in the Abbey with displaced keyboards. Nevertheless, excerpts from four of his grand concertos (Nos. 1, 5, 6 and 11), originally conceived for baroque chamber orchestra, were performed at the first commemoration; Op. 6, No. 1, was played in its entirety at the fourth concert in Westminster Abbey. They were described in detail by the contemporary musicologist and commentator Charles Burney in 1785. Three years later Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart incorporated the Musette from Op. 6, No. 6, and a short Largo from Op. 6, No. 7, into his reorchestration of ''Acis and Galatea'', K 566.

Like Handel's organ concertos, in the nineteenth century his concerti grossi Op. 6 became widely available in versions for piano solo, piano duet and two pianos. Breitkopf and Härtel published two piano arrangements of four of the concertos by Gustav Krug (1803–1873). There are piano duet versions by August Horn (1839–1893), Salamon Jadassohn (1831–1902), Wilhelm Kempff, Richard Kleinmichel (1846–1941), Ernst Naumann (1832–1910), Adolf Rutthardt (1849–1934), F. L. Schubert (1804–1868) and Ludwig Stark (1831–1884). There also arrangements of several for piano solo by various composers, including Gustav Friedrich Kogel (1849–1921), Giuseppe Martucci (1856–1909), Otto Singer (1833–1894) and August Stradel (1860–1930), who arranged the whole set.Handel arrangements for piano
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In the twentieth century, Arnold Schoenberg, a composer openly antipathetic to Handel but at a turning point in his musical career, "freely arranged" the Concerto Grosso, Op. 6, No. 7, in his Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra (1933). Schoenberg's compositional processes have been discussed in detail by , who also provides a facsimile of Schoenberg's heavily annotated copy of the original score.

Discography

*Boyd Neel (conductor), The Boyd Neel String Orchestra, London Records (1952)
*Herbert von Karajan (conductor and harpsichord, Nos. 1 & 10–12), Berliner Philharmoniker, 3 discs, Deutsche Grammophon (1966–1968)
*Sir Neville Marriner (conductor), Academy of St Martin in the Fields, 3 discs (Paired with Concerti grossi, Op. 3) Decca Records (1968)
*Nikolaus Harnoncourt (conductor), Concentus Musicus Wien, 3 discs, TELDEC (1982)
*Trevor Pinnock (conductor and harpsichord), The English Concert, 3 discs, Archiv Produktion (1987–1988)
*Federico Agostini (leader; violin), I Musici, 3 discs, Philips Classics Records (1989)
*Christopher Hogwood (conductor and harpsichord), Handel and Haydn Society, 2 discs, L'Oiseau-Lyre (1991–1992)
*Yuli Turovsky (conductor), I Musici de Montreal Chamber Orchestra, 3 discs, Chandos (1992)
*Iona Brown (conductor), Academy of St Martin in the Fields, 4 discs (Paired with Concerti grossi, Op. 3) Hänssler (1994-1995)
*Andrew Manze (conductor and violin), Academy of Ancient Music, 2 discs, Harmonia Mundi (1998)
*Pavlo Beznosiuk (conductor and violin), The Avison Ensemble, 3 discs, Linn Records (2010)
*Ottavio Dantone (conductor and harpsichord), Accademia Bizantina, 3 discs, HDB Sonus (2022)

See also

* Concerti grossi, Op. 3 (Handel)

Notes

References

*, "The Orchestral Music", Chapter 7 by Basil Lam
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*, originally published by the University of Oxford in 1785
*, "Handel as concerto composer", Chapter 13 by Donald Burrows
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Further reading

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External links

*
Video recording of HWV 319/i,ii,iii
an
HWV 319/iv,v
live performance by ''Le Musiche Da Camera'' in Santa Caterina a Chiaia, Naples
*, live performance by the Georgian Sinfonietta conducted by David Kintsurashvili
*Animated midi recording of HWV 32
iiiiiiivVideo recording of HWV 321/i,ii,iii
an
HWV 321/iv,v
live performance by the Orchestra Sinfonica di Terni conducted by Paolo Venturi
*Animated midi recording of HWV 32
iiiiiiiv
*, live performance with the Belarusian National Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Igor Bukhvalov
*Animated midi recording of HWV 32
iiiiiiivv
*, live performance from the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam with the Combattimento Consort directed by Jan Willem de Vriend
*, live performance by the Burlington Chamber Orchestra directed by Michael Hopkins
*Animated midi recording of HWV 32
iiiiiiivvvi
*Animated midi recording of HWV 32
iiiiiiivvviPerformance of HWV 329
by A Far Cry from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
*, Kiev Chamber Orchestra with violin soloists Vadym Borysov and Yulia Rubanova
*, The Australian Brandenburg Orchestra directed by Paul Dyer
*Animated midi recording of HWV 33
i–valternative version
of HWV 330/iii, Aria: larghetto e piano

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Concertos by George Frideric Handel
Handel Op. 6
1739 compositions