Communist Party Of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)
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The Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) was a
political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ...
in
Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...
. It was launched in 1978 by the
All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist–Leninist) All or ALL may refer to: عرص Biology and medicine * Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a cancer * Anterolateral ligament, a ligament in the knee * ''All.'', taxonomic author abbreviation for Carlo Allioni (1728–1804), Italian physician and pro ...
, which was founded by groups involved in the Jhapa movement. The CPN (ML) published ''Varg-Sangarsh'' (''Class Struggle'') and ''Mukti Morcha'' (''Liberation Front'').


History


Revolutionary Coordination Committee

The
All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist–Leninist) All or ALL may refer to: عرص Biology and medicine * Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a cancer * Anterolateral ligament, a ligament in the knee * ''All.'', taxonomic author abbreviation for Carlo Allioni (1728–1804), Italian physician and pro ...
was founded in 1975 and had been inspired by the
Naxalite movement Naxalism is the communist ideology of the Naxalites or Naxals, a grouping of political and insurgent groups from India. It is influenced by Maoist political sentiment and ideology. Inspired by Maoism, Charu Majumdar wrote the Historic Eigh ...
in India led by the
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI(ML)) was an Indian communist party formed by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR) at a congress in Calcutta in 1969. The foundation of the party wa ...
. It had strong links to the
Vinod Mishra Vinod Mishra (24 March 1947 – 18 December 1998) was an Indian communist politician. Mishra served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation between 1975 and 1998. Early life and student activism Mi ...
faction of CPI (ML) that had a strong presence in the Indian state of
Bihar Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...
. The party had its roots in the
Jhapa District Jhapa District (; ) is a district of Koshi Province in eastern Nepal named after a Rajbanshi Surjapuri language word "Jhapa", meaning "to cover" (verb). The 2021 Nepal Census, puts the total population of the district at 994,090. The total ar ...
Committee of the
Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya) The Communist Party of Nepal, also referred to as the Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya), was a communist party in Nepal. It emerged from a split in the original Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) in 1962. The CPN had been ravaged by internal conflic ...
and the Morang District-based
Nepal Revolutionary Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) Nepal Revolutionary Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) () was a communist organisation in Morang, Nepal. The group emerged around 1973, and was one of several local radical communist factions that surged in this period in Nepal.Rawal, Bhim Bahadur. ...
led by
Madhav Kumar Nepal Madhav Kumar Nepal (, ; born 6 March 1953), is a Nepalese politician and former Prime Minister of Nepal. He served as prime minister from 25 May 2009 to 6 February 2011. He previously served as the Deputy Prime Minister along with the charges o ...
. The party inspired by the
Naxalite Naxalism is the communist ideology of the Naxalites or Naxals, a grouping of political and insurgent groups from India. It is influenced by Maoist political sentiment and ideology. Inspired by Maoism, Charu Majumdar wrote the Historic Eight ...
s carried out a peasant-led anti-feudal movement in
Jhapa District Jhapa District (; ) is a district of Koshi Province in eastern Nepal named after a Rajbanshi Surjapuri language word "Jhapa", meaning "to cover" (verb). The 2021 Nepal Census, puts the total population of the district at 994,090. The total ar ...
. On 30 August 1977,
Mukti Morcha Samuha Mukti Morcha Samuha ( Nepali for 'Liberation Front Group') was an underground communist group in Nepal. Formed in 1976 following a split from the Communist Party of Nepal of Pushpa Lal Shrestha, it was led by student leader Madan Kumar Bhandari. ...
led by
Madan Kumar Bhandari Nepal Ratna Madan Kumar Bhandari () (27 June 1951K.C., Surendra. ''Aitihasik dastavej sangroh - bhag 2''. Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan, 2063 B.S.. p 464. – 17 May 1993), commonly known as Madan Bhandari, was a popular Nepali political lead ...
merged into the party. In August 1978, a section of the
Dhanusa District Dhanusha District, (; ), a part of Madhesh Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. It is situated in the Outer Terai. The district, with Janakpurdham as its district headquarter, covers an area of and has a population (202 ...
Committee of the
Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya) The Communist Party of Nepal, also referred to as the Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya), was a communist party in Nepal. It emerged from a split in the original Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) in 1962. The CPN had been ravaged by internal conflic ...
merged into the party followed by
Revolutionary Communist Organising Committee Revolutionary Communist Organising Committee ({{langx, ne, क्रान्तिकारी कम्युनिष्ट सङ्गठन समिति) was a communist group in Nepal. The organ of the group was ''Rato Jhanda'' (रात ...
on 11 September 1979 and Dang District-based Sandesh Samuha. The first national convention of the party was held between 26 December 1978 and 1 January 1979 where the ANCRCC (ML) formed the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist). The general convention also elected
Chandra Prakash Mainali Chandra Prakash Mainali more commonly known as C. P. Mainali (born August 22, 1951, in Chokpur, Taplejung District) is a communist politician in Nepal and former Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal. Political life Jhapa revolt In the early 1970 ...
as the party's first general secretary of CPN (ML).


Mergers

The party quickly emerged as the main communist faction in the country and several smaller communist factions merged with party. In July 1979 the
Gandaki Province Gandaki Province ( ) ), is one of the seven federal provinces established by the current constitution of Nepal which was promulgated on 20 September 2015. Pokhara is the province's capital city. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region in Southw ...
-based Marxist–Leninist Revolutionary Communist Party merged with the party. Revolutionary Communists in Arghakhanchi District, Marxist–Leninist Study Group and
Revolutionary Communist Organisation, Nepal Revolutionary Communist Organisation, Nepal () was a communist faction in Nepal. The group operated in the Bagmati, Janakpur and Koshi zones. The group publish ''Vargyuddha'' (Class War). In April 1980, the group merged into the Communist Party o ...
joined the party in 1980. Communist Party of Nepal (Rebel Unity Centre) and Revolutionaries, a Parbat District-based splinter group of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Organisation joined the party in 1981. The party had decided to boycott the 1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum which offered a choice between
multi-party democracy In political science, a multi-party system is a political system where more than two meaningfully-distinct political parties regularly run for office and win elections. Multi-party systems tend to be more common in countries using proportional r ...
and a reformed party-less panchayat system. The panchayat system was retained and the party leaders later openly regretted their boycott despite calls from within the party by K.P. Sharma Oli to participate in the referendum. In 1982 a major shift took place. The party abandoned the strategy of armed struggle and opted for mass democratic struggles instead. Mainali was deposed as general secretary, and
Jhala Nath Khanal Jhala Nath Khanal (, ; born 20 May 1950) is a Nepalese politician who was the 35th Prime Minister of Nepal from February 2011 to August 2011. He was previously the chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (CPN (UML)) a ...
took over the helm. In 1986 the process of reform of CPN (ML) accelerated further, with moderate Madan Bhandari elected general secretary. Barre Sangharsh Samuha and Nepal Workers and Peasants Organisation (D.P. Singh) also merged into the party by 1986. After the declaration of
multi-party democracy In political science, a multi-party system is a political system where more than two meaningfully-distinct political parties regularly run for office and win elections. Multi-party systems tend to be more common in countries using proportional r ...
in the country, the CPN (ML) which had been functioning underground started working as an open political party. It tried to merge with other left factions in the country with certain success. In 1990 the party formed the United Left Front with other communist factions in the country. On 6 January 1991, before the 1991 general elections, CPN (ML) merged with the
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) The Communist Party of Nepal was founded in Calcutta, India, on 15 September 1949. Communist Party of Nepal may also refer to: * Communist Party of Nepal (2006), a short-lived splinter group * Communist Party of Nepal (2013), a minor political part ...
led by
Man Mohan Adhikari Man Mohan Adhikari (Magi) (; 9 June 1920 – 26 April 1999) was the 31st Prime Minister of Nepal from 1994 to 1995, representing the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist). He was the first communist Prime Minister in Nepal and ...
to form
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (; Abbreviation, abbr. CPN (UML)) is a Communism in Nepal, communist List of political parties in Nepal, political party in Nepal. The party emerged as one of the major parties in Nepal af ...
.


Ideology

The ideology of the party was "New Democratic Revolution" whose success would eventually lead the country towards
socialism Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...
and
communism Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a ...
. The party accepted Mao as the sole leader of the revolutionary movement. The "New Democratic Revolution" was based on the idea of agrarian revolution by uprooting the power of big landlords through armed struggle.


Leadership


General Secretaries of the CPN (Marxist–Leninist)

*
Chandra Prakash Mainali Chandra Prakash Mainali more commonly known as C. P. Mainali (born August 22, 1951, in Chokpur, Taplejung District) is a communist politician in Nepal and former Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal. Political life Jhapa revolt In the early 1970 ...
, 1978–82 *
Jhala Nath Khanal Jhala Nath Khanal (, ; born 20 May 1950) is a Nepalese politician who was the 35th Prime Minister of Nepal from February 2011 to August 2011. He was previously the chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (CPN (UML)) a ...
, 1982–86 *
Madan Kumar Bhandari Nepal Ratna Madan Kumar Bhandari () (27 June 1951K.C., Surendra. ''Aitihasik dastavej sangroh - bhag 2''. Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan, 2063 B.S.. p 464. – 17 May 1993), commonly known as Madan Bhandari, was a popular Nepali political lead ...
, 1986–91


See also

* Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) * K.P. Sharma Oli *
Madhav Kumar Nepal Madhav Kumar Nepal (, ; born 6 March 1953), is a Nepalese politician and former Prime Minister of Nepal. He served as prime minister from 25 May 2009 to 6 February 2011. He previously served as the Deputy Prime Minister along with the charges o ...


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) Defunct communist parties in Nepal Rebel groups in Nepal Political parties established in 1978 1978 establishments in Nepal Political parties disestablished in 1991 1991 disestablishments in Nepal fr:Parti communiste du Népal#Parti communiste du Népal (marxiste-léniniste)