Color–flavor locking (CFL) is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra-high-density

strange matter Strange matter (or strange quark matter) is quark matter containing strange quarks. In extreme environments, strange matter is hypothesized to occur in the core of neutron stars, or, more speculatively, as isolated droplets that may vary in siz ...

, a form of

quark matter Quark matter or QCD matter ( quantum chromodynamic) refers to any of a number of hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons, of which the prominent example is quark-gluon plasma. Several series of conferences ...

. The quarks form

Cooper pair In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper. ...

s, whose

color Color (or colour in English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) is the visual perception based on the electromagnetic spectrum. Though co ...

properties are correlated with their flavor properties in a

one-to-one correspondence In mathematics, a bijection, bijective function, or one-to-one correspondence is a function between two sets such that each element of the second set (the codomain) is the image of exactly one element of the first set (the domain). Equivale ...

between three color pairs and three flavor pairs. According to the

Standard Model The Standard Model of particle physics is the Scientific theory, theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetism, electromagnetic, weak interaction, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the unive ...

of particle physics, the color-flavor-locked phase is the highest-density phase of three-flavor colored matter.

Color-flavor-locked Cooper pairing

If each quark is represented as

\psi^\alpha_i

, with color index

\alpha

taking values 1, 2, 3 corresponding to red, green, and blue, and flavor index

i

taking values 1, 2, 3 corresponding to up, down, and

strange Strange may refer to: Fiction * Strange (comic book), a comic book limited series by Marvel Comics * Strange (Marvel Comics), one of a pair of Marvel Comics characters known as The Strangers * Adam Strange, a DC Comics superhero * The title c ...

, then the color-flavor-locked pattern of Cooper pairing is :

\langle \psi^\alpha_i C \gamma_5 \psi^\beta_j \rangle
\propto \delta^\alpha_i\delta^\beta_j - \delta^\alpha_j\delta^\beta_i 
= \epsilon^\epsilon_

This means that a Cooper pair of an up quark and a down quark must have colors red and green, and so on. This pairing pattern is special because it leaves a large unbroken symmetry group.

Physical properties

The CFL phase has several remarkable properties. * It breaks

chiral symmetry A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality). The spin of a particle may be used to define a handedness, or helicity, for that particle, which, in the case of a massless particl ...

. * It is a

superfluid Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortex, vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs ...

. * It is an electromagnetic insulator, in which there is a "rotated"

photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...

, containing a small admixture of one of the

gluon A gluon ( ) is a type of Massless particle, massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless vector bosons, thereby having a Spin (physi ...

s. * It has the same symmetries as sufficiently dense

hyperon In particle physics, a hyperon is any baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quarks. This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars. Hyperons are sometimes generically re ...

ic matter. There are several variants of the CFL phase, representing distortions of the pairing structure in response to external stresses such as a difference between the mass of the strange quark and the mass of the up and down quarks.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Color-Flavor Locking Quark matter Quantum chromodynamics Phases of matter

Color-flavor-locked Cooper pairing

Physical properties

See also

References