Betula nana upernavik kujalleq 2007-07-25 1

The Circumboreal Region in phytogeography is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in Eurasia and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, as delineated by such geobotanists as Josias Braun-Blanquet and

Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...

. It is the largest floristic region in the world by area, comprising most of Canada, Alaska, Europe, Caucasus and Russia, as well as North Anatolia (as the southernmost part of the region) and parts of northern New England, Michigan, Minnesota, and the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. Northern portions of the region include polar desert, taiga and tundra biomes. Many geobotanists divide Eurasian and North American areas into two distinct regions. The continents, however, share much of their boreal flora (e.g. '' Betula nana'', '' Alnus viridis'', '' Vaccinium vitis-idaea'', '' Arctostaphylos uva-ursi''). The flora was severely impoverished during glaciations in the Pleistocene. The region is bordered by Eastern Asiatic, North American Atlantic, Rocky Mountain, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian Regions. There are no biological families endemic to this region, but it has endemic

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

(e.g. '' Lunaria'', '' Borodinia'', '' Gorodkovia'', '' Redowskia'', '' Soldanella'', ''

Physospermum ''Physospermum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its native range is Europe to Iran, Algeria. Species: *''Physospermum cornubiense ''Physospermum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ap ...

'', '' Astrantia'', '' Thorella'', '' Pulmonaria'', ''

Erinus ''Erinus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae (previously in the family Scrophulariaceae), native to stony mountainous sites in North Africa and southern Europe. Some members of the genus have been cultivated as or ...

'', '' Ramonda'', ''

Haberlea ''Haberlea'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The only member of this genus, ''Haberlea rhodopensis'', is endemic to parts of Bulgaria and a small part of northern Greece, especially in the Rhodope Mountains. C ...

'', '' Stratiotes'', '' Telekia'') and many endemic species, especially in the mountains.

Floristic provinces

It is subdivided into a number of floristic provinces. Their delineation is debatable. According to a version of Takhtajan's classification, these are the Arctic, Atlantic European, Central European, Illyrian, Euxinian, Caucasian, Eastern European, Northern European, West Siberian,

Altai-Sayan The Altai-Sayan region is an area of Inner Asia proximate to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains, near to where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together. This region is one of the world centers of temperate plant diversity. It ...

, Central Siberian, Transbaikalian, Northeastern Siberian, Okhotsk-Kamtchatkan and Canadian Provinces. *Arctic Province ( Greenland, Iceland, northern treeless parts of Norway, Finland, Russia, Alaska and Canada, all the Arctic Islands), with more than a hundred endemic species (e.g. ''

Ranunculus sabinei ''Ranunculus'' is a large genus of about almost 1700 to more than 1800 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots. The genus is distributed in Euro ...

'', ''

Papaver polare ''Papaver radicatum'' is a species of poppy known by the common names Arctic poppy, rooted poppy, and yellow poppy. It is a flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. Distribution ''Papaver radicatum'' is circumpolar in distribution and grows ...

'', '' Salix arctica'', ''

Colpodium vahlianum ''Colpodium'' is a genus of plants in the grass family, native primarily to Asia but with a few species on certain mountains in Africa. ; SpeciesMill, R. R. 1985. ''Eremopoa, Nephelochloa, Catabrosella, Colpodium, Hyalopoa, Catabrosa, Paracolp ...

'', '' Сolpodium wrightii'', ''

Puccinellia angustata ''Puccinellia'' is a genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family, known as alkali grass or salt grass. These grasses grow in wet environments, often in Saline water, saline or alkaline conditions. They are native to temperate to Arctic regions ...

'') *Atlantic European Province ( Ireland, United Kingdom, Andorra, parts of Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway), with two endemic genera (''

Petrocoptis ''Petrocoptis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. Its native range is Pyrenees to Northern Spain. Species Species: *''Petrocoptis crassifolia'' *''Petrocoptis glaucifolia'' *''Petrocoptis grandiflora'' * ...

'' and '' Thorella''), few dozens of endemic species (e.g. ''

Corydalis claviculata ''Corydalis'' (from Greek ''korydalís'' " crested lark") is a genus of about 470 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere and the high mountains of tropical ea ...

'', '' Ulex europaeus'', '' Genista anglica'', ''

Deschampsia setacea ''Deschampsia'' is a genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family, commonly known as hair grass or tussock grass. The genus is widespread across many countries.Austria,

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

, Luxembourg, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, parts of Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway,

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

, Finland, Russia, Estonia,

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...

, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania), with several endemic genera (e.g. ''

Rhizobotrya ''Rhizobotrya'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Italy. Species: * ''Rhizobotrya alpina'' Tausch References {{Taxonbar, from=Q10360376 Brassicaceae Brassicaceae genera ...

'', ''

Hladnikia ''Hladnikia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its sole species, ''Hladnikia pastinacifolia'', is a Slovenian paleoendemite, restricted to the area of only 4 km, located in Trnovo Forest Plateau, karst ...

'', ''

Berardia ''Berardia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing the single species ''Berardia subacaulis''. It is an alpine plant native to the Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alp ...

'') and 10-15% endemic species (e.g. ''

Aconitum paniculatum ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', '' Dianthus alpinus'', '' Rhododendron hirsutum'', ''

Soldanella carpatica The genus ''Soldanella'', commonly known in English as snowbell, includes about 15 species of flowering plants native to European mountains, from the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkans. They grow in woods, damp p ...

'', ''

Rosa abietina ''Rosa abietina'' is a species of rose that was described by Jean Charles Marie Grenier. ''Rosa abietina'' is part of the genus ''Rosa'', and the family Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that ...

'', ''

Saxifraga muscoides ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 473 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', ''

Trifolium saxatile Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus ''Trifolium'' (from Latin ''tres'' 'three' + ''folium'' 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume or pea family Fabaceae originating in Europe. The genus h ...

'', ''

Chaerophyllum villarsii ''Chaerophyllum'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, with 35 species native to Europe, Asia, North America, and northern Africa. It includes the cultivated root vegetable '' Chaerophyllum bulbosum'' (turnip rooted chervil). F ...

'', '' Heracleum carpaticum'', ''

Syringa josikaea ''Syringa josikaea'', the Hungarian lilac, is a species of lilac, native to central and eastern Europe, in the Carpathian Mountains in Romania and western Ukraine.Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins .Flora Europaea''Syr ...

'', ''

Valeriana tripteris ''Valeriana'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caprifoliaceae, members of which may by commonly known as valerians. It contains many species, including the garden valerian, ''Valeriana officinalis''. Species are native to all conti ...

'', ''

Campanula zoysii ''Favratia zoysii'', known commonly as Zois' bellflower, Zoysi's harebell, or crimped bellflower, is the sole member of the genus ''Favratia'', closely related to '' Campanula '' (bellflowers). Distribution and habitat The plant is endemic to Au ...

'', ''

Campanula carpatica ''Campanula carpatica'', the tussock bellflower or Carpathian harebell, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae. Description ''Campanula carpatica'' is a low-growing herbaceous perennial. Plants possess basal leaves and th ...

'', '' Pulmonaria filarzkyana'', ''

Leontopodium alpinum ''Leontopodium nivale'', commonly called edelweiss (german: Alpen-Edelweiß, English pronunciation ), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family Asteraceae. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about altitude. It is ...

'', '' Narcissus poeticus'', '' Narcissus angustifolius'', ''

Gymnadenia albida ''Gymnadenia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) containing 22 terrestrial species. The former genus ''Nigritella'' is now included in ''Gymnadenia''. They can be found in damp meadows, fens and marshes, a ...

'', ''

Carex carvula ''Carex'' is a vast genus of more than 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus ''Carex'' ...

'', ''

Calamagrostis villosa ''Calamagrostis villosa'' is a species of flowering plant from the family Poaceae which is native to Europe. Description The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes and long culms. It ligule have an eciliate membrane which is ...

'') *Illyrian Province ( Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, parts of Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey) with several endemic genera (e.g. ''

'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Ramonda heldreichii'', '' Ramonda nathaliae'', '' Ramonda serbica'', ''

Picea omorika ''Picea omorika'', common name Pančić spruce or Serbian spruce ( sr, Панчићева оморика, Pančićeva omorika, ), is a species of coniferous tree endemic to the Drina River valley in western Serbia, and eastern Bosnia and Herzego ...

'', ''

Pinus heldreichii ''Pinus heldreichii'' (synonym ''P. leucodermis''; family Pinaceae), the Bosnian pine or Heldreich’s pine, is a species of pine native to mountainous areas of the Balkans and southern Italy. Description It is an evergreen tree up to in h ...

'', '' Pinus peuce'', '' Rheum rhaponticum'', ''

Aesculus hippocastanum ''Aesculus hippocastanum'', the horse chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the maple, soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree. It is also called horse-chestnut, Europ ...

'', ''

Forsythia europaea ''Forsythia europaea'', commonly known as Albanian forsythia or European forsythia, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, with a native range from Montenegro to northern Albania. It is the only species of ''Forsythia'' native to ...

'', ''

Lathraea rhodopea ''Lathraea'' (toothwort) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. They are classified in th ...

'', ''

Wulfenia baldacci ''Wulfenia'' is a plant genus in the family Plantaginaceae. The genus was named after Franz Xaver von Wulfen (1728–1805), an Austrian botanist, zoologist, mineralogist, alpinist, and Jesuit priest. It was first described in 1781 by Nikolaus Jo ...

'', ''

Solenanthus scardicus ''Solenanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. Species include: * '' Solenanthus albanicus'', (Degen & Bald.) Degen & Bald. * '' Solenanthus apenninus'', (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. * '' Solenanthus biebersteinii'', DC. * ...

'', '' Amphoricarpus neumayeri'', ''

Narthecium scardicum ''Narthecium'' is a Eurasian and North American genus of herbaceous flowering plants. This genus was traditionally treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae, but the APG II system of 2003 placed it in the family Nartheciaceae. The global dist ...

'', ''

Dioscorea balcanica ''Dioscorea balcanica'' is a herbaceous perennial in the family Dioscoreaceae. Description Height 2–5 m. Flowers cup-shaped, arranged in racemes, producing loculicidal capsules. Taxonomy This species was named in 1914 by Nedeljko K ...

'') *Euxinian Province (parts of Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Russia around the Black Sea), with two endemic genera ('' Chymsidia'' and '' Megacaryon'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Abies nordmanniana'', ''

Epimedium pubigerum ''Epimedium pubigerum'', also known by the common name hairy barrenwort,Rhs.org.uk. (2020). Epimedium pubigerum , hairy barrenwort/RHS Gardening. nlineAvailable at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/6494/Epimedium-pubigerum/Details ccessed 16 Feb. ...

'', ''

Quercus pontica ''Quercus pontica'', the Pontine oak or Armenian oak, is a species of endangered oak currently extant to the western Caucasus mountains of Georgia and northeastern Turkey where it grows at altitudes of . Description ''Quercus pontica'' is a ...

'', ''

Quercus hartwissiana ''Quercus hartwissiana'', the Strandzha oak ( bg, странджански дъб), is a species of oak, native to southeastern Bulgaria, northern Asia Minor along the Black Sea, and the Caucasus. It was described by the Finnish-born Russian bota ...

'', '' Веtula medwedewii'', '' Вetula megrelica'', '' Corylus colchica'', '' Сorylus pontica'', ''

Paeonia wittmanniana ''Paeonia daurica'' subsp. ''wittmanniana'', also known as Wittmann's peony, is a perennial peony native to the southern Transcaucasian region. It was formerly regarded as a separate species, ''Paeonia wittmanniana'', but in 2002, the Chinese ...

'', '' Hypericum bupleuroides'', '' Hypericum xylosteifolium'', '' Rhododendron ungernii'', ''

Rhododendron smirnovii ''Rhododendron'' (; from Ancient Greek ''rhódon'' "rose" and ''déndron'' "tree") is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most species are ...

'', ''

Epigaea gaultherioides ''Epigaea gaultherioides'' is a species of flowering plant in the Ericaceae family. It is native to Transcaucasia and Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list o ...

'', ''

Primula megaseifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'', ''

Cyclamen adsharicum ''Cyclamen'' ( or ) is a genus of 23 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. ''Cyclamen'' species are native to Europe and the Mediterranean Basin east to the Caucasus and Iran, with one species in Somalia. T ...

'', ''

Andrachne colchica ''Leptopus chinensis'' is a species of plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. It is native to Caucasus to Northern Iran, Northern Pakistan, China to Northern Myanmar. Synonym: * ''Andrachne colchica'' Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Boiss. Refe ...

'', ''

Trapa colchica The water caltrop is any of three extant species of the genus ''Trapa'': ''Trapa natans'', ''Trapa bicornis'' and the endangered ''Trapa rossica''. It is also known as buffalo nut, bat nut, devil pod, ling gok (Chinese: 菱角), ling nut, lin ko ...

'', '' Staphylea colchica'', ''

Hedera colchica ''Hedera colchica'' is a species of ivy (genus ''Hedera'') which is native to Near and Middle East. It is commonly called Persian ivy or colchis ivy. It is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 30 m high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, ...

'', ''

Astrantia pontica ''Astrantia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Central, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus. There are several species, which have aromatic roots, palmate leaves, and decorative flowers. They are c ...

'', '' Heracleum mantegazzianum'', '' Seseli rupicola'', ''

Rhamnus imeretinus Rhamnus may refer to: * Rhamnus (city), or Rhamnous, an ancient Greek city in Attica * Rhamnus (Crete), or Rhamnous, an ancient Greek town in Crete * Rhamnus, an augur killed by Nisus and Euryalus in book IX of The Aeneid * ''Rhamnus'' (plant) or ...

'', '' Osmanthus decorus'', ''

Trachystemon orientale ''Trachystemon'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. Its native range is Bulgaria to Turkey. It is a monotypic genus, with the only member being ''Trachystemon orientalis''(L.) D.Don. Trachystemon orientalis ' ...

'', ''

Rhamphicarpa medwedewii ''Rhamphicarpa'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar, Turkey to the Caucasus, India, New Guinea to Northern Australia. Species: *''Rhamphicarpa austr ...

'', ''

Gentiana paradoxa ''Gentiana paradoxa'', the Caucasian gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, endemic to the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in western Asia, near the Black Sea. A compact, mat-forming herbaceous perennial ...

'', ''

Scabiosa olgae ''Scabiosa'' is a genus in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae) of flowering plants. Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word scabious, but some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in r ...

'', ''

Campanula mirabilis ''Campanula'' () is one of several genus, genera of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is ...

'', ''

Campanula lactiflora ''Campanula lactiflora'', the milky bellflower, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Campanula'' of the family Campanulaceae, native to Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a medium-sized herbaceous perennial growing to , with narrow, to ...

'', ''

Inula magnifica ''Inula magnifica'', the giant fleabane, is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family Asteraceae, native to the eastern Caucasus. It is a tall herbaceous perennial growing to tall by broad, with hairy stems and leaves. In late su ...

'', ''

Lilium ponticum ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

'', ''

Ruscus colchicus ''Ruscus'' is a genus of six species of flowering plants, native to western and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa, and southwestern Asia east to the Caucasus. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Aspa ...

'', ''

Dioscorea caucasica ''Dioscorea'' is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending ...

'', ''

''), some endemic species and genera shared with the Caucasian Province (see below). *Caucasian Province (parts of Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan), with five endemic genera (''

Pseudovesicaria ''Pseudovesicaria'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Northwestern Balkan Peninsula The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern ...

'', ''

Symphyoloma ''Symphyoloma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its only species is ''Symphyoloma graveolens''. Its native range is the Caucasus. References {{Taxonbar, from1=Q10375470, from2=Q17136257 Apioideae Monotypi ...

'', '' Pseudobetckea'', ''

Trigonocaryum ''Trigonocaryum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. Its native range is Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan ...

'' and '' Cladochaeta'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Betula raddeana ''Betula raddeana'' is a species of plant in the Betulaceae family. It is found in Georgia and Russia. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural h ...

'', ''

Papaver oreophilum ''Papaver'' is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annuals, biennials, and perennials native to temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the type genus of the poppy family, Papaveraceae. Descript ...

'', ''

Corydalis pallidiflora ''Corydalis'' (from Greek ''korydalís'' " crested lark") is a genus of about 470 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere and the high mountains of tropical ea ...

'', '' Сorydalis emanuelii'', ''

Cerastium kasbek ''Cerastium'' is a genus of annual, winter annual, or perennial plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. They are commonly called mouse-ear chickweed. Species are found nearly worldwide but the greatest concentration is in the northern ...

'', '' Сerastium argenteum'', '' Сerastium multiflorum'', ''

Minuartia inamoena ''Minuartia'' is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as sandworts in the family Caryophyllaceae. Minuartias are small annual or perennial plants which grow in otherwise inhospitable conditions such as on rocky ledges and in stony soi ...

'', ''

Silena lacera ''Silene'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. Containing nearly 900 species, it is the largest genus in the family. Common names include campion and catchfly. Many ''Silene'' species are widely distributed, particu ...

'', ''

Gypsophila acutifolia ''Gypsophila'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the carnation family, Caryophyllaceae. They are native to Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.Dianthus fragrans ''Dianthus'' () is a genus of about 340 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species in north Africa and in southern Africa, and one species (''D. repens'') in arctic North ...

'', '' Sobolevskia caucasica'', '' Draba bryoides'', ''

Draba elisabethae ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *''Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz ...

'', ''

Draba supranivalis ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', ''

Draba molissima ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', '' Draba ossetica'', ''

Primula bayernii ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (''Primula vulgaris, P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common specie ...

'', ''

Saxifraga subverticillata ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 465 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', ''

Sedum stevenianum ''Sedum'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. The genus has been described as containing up to 600 species, subsequently reduced to 400–500. They are leaf succ ...

'', '' Geranium renardii'', ''

Oxytropis owerinii ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related '' Astragalus''. There are ab ...

'', '' Genliana grossheimii'', '' Gentinana septemfida'' var. ''lagodechiana'', ''

Gentiana marcowiczii ''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family ( Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their ...

'', ''

Veronica caucasica ''Veronica caucasica'' is a flower in the family Plantaginaceae native to east of the Black Sea, grown further afield as a garden plant. Description A perennial speedwell native to the east of the Black Sea also grown in gardens, with stems a ...

'', ''

Campanula andina ''Campanula'' () is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is Latin for "little bell". ...

'', ''

Centaurea amblyolepis ''Centaurea'' () is a genus of over 700 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding reg ...

'', ''

Lilium monadelphum ''Lilium monadelphum'' is a bulbous plant native to Crimea and to North and South Caucasus The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, str ...

'', '' Galanthus latifolius'', '' Ornithogalum magnum'', ''

Colchicum laetum ''Colchicum laetum'' is a species of ''Colchicum'' found in south east Russia through to the Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and ...

'', '' Asphodoline tenuior'', '' Gagea helenae'', ''

Calamagrostis caucasica ''Calamagrostis'' (reed grass or smallweed) is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family (biology), family Poaceae, with about 260 species that occur mainly in temperate regions of the globe. Towards equatorial latitudes, species of ''Calam ...

''), many endemic species and genera shared with the Euxinian Province (e.g. ''

Agasyllis ''Agasyllis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. Its only species is ''Agasyllis latifolia''. It is endemic to the Caucasus. References Flora of the Caucasus Monotypic Apiaceae genera Apiaceae {{Apiaceae-st ...

'', '' Sredinskya'', ''

Rhododendron caucasicum ''Rhododendron caucasicum'', the Caucasian rhododendron or the Georgian snow rose, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Rhododendron'' native to the Transcaucasus and Anatolia. Its hybrid cultivar 'Christmas Cheer' has gained the Royal ...

'', ''

Vaccinium arctostaphylos ''Vaccinium arctostaphylos'' or Caucasian whortleberry is a species of shrub with edible fruit of blue color. It is native to Western Asia (Iran and Turkey), the Caucasus (Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia (country), Georgia; Russian Federation, Russi ...

'', '' Daphne pontica'', ''

Paris incompleta Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

''). *Eastern European Province (parts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. ''

Anemone uralensis ''Anemone'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. They are native to the temperate and subtropical regions of all continents except Australia, New Zeal ...

'', ''

Papaver maeoticum ''Papaver'' is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annuals, biennials, and perennials native to temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the type genus of the poppy family, Papaveraceae. Descripti ...

'', '' Dianthus eugeniae'', '' Dianthus krylovianus'', ''

Dianthus volgicus ''Dianthus'' () is a genus of about 340 species of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Caryophyllaceae, native plant, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species in north Africa and in southern Africa, and one species (''D. ...

'', ''

Diplotaxis cretacea The scientific name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name com ...

'', '' Sisymbrium wolgense'', '' Syrenia talievii'', ''

Pyrus rossica ''Pyrus communis'', the common pear, is a species of pear native plant, native to central and eastern Europe, and western Asia. It is one of the most important fruits of temperate regions, being the species from which most orchard pear cultivars ...

'', ''

Hedysarum cretaceum ''Hedysarum'' (sweetvetch) is a genus of the botanical family Fabaceae, consisting of about 200 species of annual or perennial herbs in Asia, Europe, North Africa, and North America. Description Species within genus ''Hedysarum'' may be herbace ...

'', '' Нedysarum ucrainicum'', ''

Erodium beketowii ''Erodium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the botanical family Geraniaceae. The genus includes about 60 species, native to North Africa, Indomalaya, the Middle East, and Australia. They are perennials, annuals, or subshrubs, with f ...

'', ''

Linaria cretacea ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plan ...

'', ''

Linaria macroura ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'', ''

Scrophularia cretacea The genus ''Scrophularia'' of the family Scrophulariaceae comprises about 200 species of herbaceous flowering plants commonly known as figworts. Species of ''Scrophularia'' all share square stems, opposite leaves and open two-lipped flowers ...

'') *Northern European Province (parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), without endemic genera, with but few endemic species (e.g. ''

Corispermum algidum ''Corispermum'' is a genus of plants in the family Amaranthaceae. Common names given to members of the genus involve bugseed, tickseed, and tumbleweed. In general, these are erect annual plants with flat, thin leaves and topped with infloresce ...

'', ''

Castilleja schrenkii ''Castilleja'', commonly known as paintbrush, Indian paintbrush, or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, ...

'') *West Siberian Province (parts of Russia and Kazakhstan), without endemic genera, with few endemic species *

Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia), with one endemic genus (''

Microstigma ''Microstigma'' is a species of damselflies belonging to the family Pseudostigmatidae. Species * '' Microstigma anomalum'' Rambur, 1842 * ''Microstigma maculatum ''Microstigma maculatum'' is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the famil ...

'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Callianthemum sajanense'', ''

Eranthis sibirica ''Eranthis'' is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the buttercup family (biology), family Ranunculaceae, native plant, native to southern Europe and east across Asia to Japan. The common name winter aconite comes from the early flowe ...

'', '' Aquilegia borodinii'', ''

Delphinium mirabile ''Delphinium'' is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Car ...

'', ''

Delphinium inconspicuum ''Delphinium'' is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl Linn ...

'', '' Aconitum krylovii'', ''

Aconitum altaicum ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', ''

Anemone baicalensis ''Anemonastrum baicalense'' is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Anemonastrum''. It is native to forests, scrub, and grassy places at 500–3100 m. altitude in Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, and North Korea North Korea, off ...

'', ''

Ranunculus sajanensis ''Ranunculus'' is a large genus of about almost 1700 to more than 1800 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots. The genus is distributed in Europe, ...

'', ''

Gymnospermium altaicum ''Gymnospermium'' is a group of tuberous Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and ...

'', ''

Betula kelleriana A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech- oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contain ...

'', '' Stellaria martjanovii'', ''

Stellaria imbricata ''Stellaria'' is a genus of about 190 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Common names include starwort, stitchwort and chickweed. Description ''Stellaria'' species are relatively sm ...

'', '' Stellaria irrigua'', ''

Silene turgida ''Silene'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. Containing nearly 900 species, it is the largest genus in the family. Common names include campion and catchfly. Many ''Silene'' species are widely distributed, particularl ...

'', ''

Aphragmus involucratus ''Aphragmus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Southwestern Siberia to Himalaya and Aleutian Islands. Species: *''Aphragmus bouffordii'' *''Aphragmus eschscholtziana'' *''Aphragmus hima ...

'', ''

Erysimum inense ''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...

'', ''

Euphorbia alpina ''Euphorbia'' is a very large and diverse genus of flowering plants, commonly called spurge, in the family Euphorbiaceae. "Euphorbia" is sometimes used in ordinary English to collectively refer to all members of Euphorbiaceae (in deference ...

'', '' Euphorbia altaica'', '' Euphorbia tshuiensis'', ''

Rhodiola algida ''Rhodiola'' is a genus of perennial plants in the family Crassulaceae that resemble '' Sedum'' and other members of the family. Like sedums, ''Rhodiola'' species are often called stonecrops. Some authors merge ''Rhodiola'' into ''Sedum''. ...

'', ''

Sedum populifolium ''Sedum'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. The genus has been described as containing up to 600 species, subsequently reduced to 400–500. They are leaf succulen ...

'', '' Chrysosplenium filipes'', ''

Caragana altaica ''Caragana pygmaea'' is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Caragana ''Caragana'' is a genus of about 80–100 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Asia and eastern Europe. They are shrubs or small trees grow ...

'', ''

Vicia lilacina ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other ...

'', '' Lathyrus frolovii'', ''

Lathyrus krylovii ''Lathyrus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae, and contains approximately 160 species. Commonly known as peavines or vetchlings, they are native to temperate areas, with a breakdown of 52 species in Europe, 30 spec ...

'', ''

Linum violascens ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual. ...

'', ''

Scrophularia altaica The genus ''Scrophularia'' of the family Scrophulariaceae comprises about 200 species of herbaceous flowering plants commonly known as figworts. Species of ''Scrophularia'' all share square stems, opposite leaves and open two-lipped flowers f ...

'', ''

Schizonepeta annua ''Schizonepeta'' (Japanese catnip) is a genus of herbs. It should not be confused with the true catnips of the genus ''Nepeta'' (also Lamiaceae) known for their euphoria-inducing effect on domestic cats. Used as a medicinal herb, ''Schizonepeta ...

'', ''

Valeriana petrophila ''Valeriana'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caprifoliaceae, members of which may by commonly known as valerians. It contains many species, including the garden valerian, ''Valeriana officinalis''. Species are native to all continen ...

'', ''

Brachanthemum baranovii ''Brachanthemum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. They are native to Asia.Echinops humilis ''Echinops'' is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They have spiny foliage and produce blue or white spherical flower heads. They are native to Europe, east to central As ...

'', ''

Saussurea serratuloides ''Saussurea'' is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, native to cool temperate and arctic regions of East Asia, Europe, and North America, with the highest diversity in alpine ...

'', ''

Saussurea sajanensis ''Saussurea'' is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, native to cool temperate and arctic regions of East Asia, Europe, and North America, with the highest diversity in alpine habita ...

'', ''

Allium pumilum ''Allium'' is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. The generic name ''Allium'' is the Latin word for garlic,Gledhill, Dav ...

'', ''

Carex tatjanae ''Carex'' is a vast genus of more than 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus ''Carex'' ...

'', species of '' Astragalus'' and '' Oxytropis'') *Central Siberian Province (parts of Russia) without endemic genera, with but few endemic species *Transbaikalian Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. ''

Aconitum montibaicalensis ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', '' Draba baicalensis'', ''

Saxifraga algisii ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 465 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', ''

Potentilla adenotricha ''Potentilla'' is a genus containing over 300Guillén, A., et al. (2005)Reproductive biology of the Iberian species of ''Potentilla'' L. (Rosaceae).''Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid'' 1(62) 9–21. species of annual, biennial and pe ...

'', '' Astragalus trigonocarpus'', ''

Oxytropis heterotricha ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related '' Astragalus''. There are ab ...

'', ''

Mertensia serrulata ''Mertensia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. They are perennial herbaceous plants with blue or sometimes white flowers that open from pink-tinged buds. Such a change in flower color is common in Boraginaceae and ...

'') *Northeastern Siberian Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Gorodkovia'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Corydalis gorodkovii ''Corydalis'' (from Greek ''korydalís'' " crested lark") is a genus of about 470 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere and the high mountains of tropical ea ...

'', ''

Androsace gorodkovii ''Androsace'', commonly known as rock jasmine, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae, second only to '' Primula'' in the number of species. It is predominantly Arctic–alpine, with many species in the Himalayas (where th ...

'', ''

Saxifraga anadyrensis ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 465 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', '' Potentilla anadyrensis'', ''

Potentilla tollii ''Potentilla'' is a genus containing over 300Guillén, A., et al. (2005)Reproductive biology of the Iberian species of ''Potentilla'' L. (Rosaceae).''Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid'' 1(62) 9–21. species of annual, biennial and pe ...

'', '' Helictotrichon krylovii'', '' Poa lanatiflora''). *Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Redowskia'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Abies gracilis Firs (''Abies'') are a genus of 48–56 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae. They are found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The genus is most closely ...

'', '' Picea kamtschatkensis'', ''

Delphinium ochotense ''Delphinium'' is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Car ...

'', ''

Aconitum ajanense ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', ''

Aconitum ochotense ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', ''

Corydalis redowskii ''Corydalis'' (from Greek ''korydalís'' " crested lark") is a genus of about 470 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere and the high mountains of tropical ...

'', ''

Stellaria peduncularis ''Stellaria'' is a genus of about 190 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Common names include starwort, stitchwort and chickweed. Description ''Stellaria'' species are relatively sm ...

'', ''

Arenaria redowskii Arenaria, a Latin word meaning sand-loving (or psammophilic), may refer to: Genera * ''Arenaria'' (bird), the turnstones, a bird genus of the family Scolopacidae * ''Arenaria'' (plant), the sandworts, a plant genus of the family Caryophyllacea ...

'', ''

Lychnis ajanensis ''Silene'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. Containing nearly 900 species, it is the largest genus in the family. Common names include campion and catchfly. Many ''Silene'' species are widely distributed, particularl ...

'', ''

Sorbus kamtschatcensis ''Sorbus'' is a genus of over 100 species of trees and shrubs in the rose family, Rosaceae. Species of ''Sorbus'' (''s.l.'') are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan (mountain-ash) and service tree. The exact number of species is disputed depen ...

'', ''

Oxytropis ajanensis ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related '' Astragalus''. There are abo ...

'', ''

Oxytropis tilingii ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the Fabaceae, legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related ''Astragalus''. Ther ...

'', ''

Sambucus kamtschatica ''Sambucus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry. The genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified as Adoxaceae due to ge ...

''). *Canadian Province ( St. Pierre and Miquelon, parts of Canada and the United States)David Lewis Lentz. 2000

Notes

Bibliography

* C.Michael Hogan. 2011
''Taiga''. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
* David Lewis Lentz. 2000. ''Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas'', Science, 547 pages, page * Robert F. Thorne
Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico
''

Flora of North America The ''Flora of North America North of Mexico'' (usually referred to as ''FNA'') is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America, including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenla ...

'', Vol. 1, Ch. 6. {{Flora of the United States by political division Floristic regions Holarctic

Floristic provinces

See also

Notes

Bibliography