Betula nana upernavik kujalleq 2007-07-25 1

The Circumboreal Region in

phytogeography Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution ...

is a

floristic region A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both re ...

within the Holarctic Kingdom in

Eurasia Eurasia ( , ) is a continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some geographers, Physical geography, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents d ...

and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

, as delineated by such geobotanists as

Josias Braun-Blanquet Josias Braun-Blanquet (3 August 1884 – 20 September 1980) was an influential phytosociologist and botanist. Braun-Blanquet was born in Chur, Switzerland, and died in Montpellier, France. Biography In Josias Braun-Blanquet's dissertation, sup ...

and

Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian (; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JAHN; 10 June 1910 – 13 November 2009), was a Soviet- Armenian botanist, one of the most important fi ...

. It is the largest floristic region in the world by area, comprising most of

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

Alaska Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. Part of the Western United States region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside Hawaii. Alaska is also considered to be the north ...

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

, as well as North

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

(as the southernmost part of the region) and parts of northern

New England New England is a region consisting of six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York (state), New York to the west and by the ...

Michigan Michigan ( ) is a peninsular U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, Upper Midwestern United States. It shares water and land boundaries with Minnesota to the northwest, Wisconsin to the west, ...

Minnesota Minnesota ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to the north and east and by the U.S. states of Wisconsin to the east, Iowa to the so ...

Wisconsin Wisconsin ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michig ...

, and the Turtle Mountains of

North Dakota North Dakota ( ) is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota people, Dakota and Sioux peoples. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minneso ...

. Northern portions of the region include polar desert,

taiga Taiga or tayga ( ; , ), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches. The taiga, or boreal forest, is the world's largest land biome. In North A ...

and

tundra In physical geography, a tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. There are three regions and associated types of tundra: #Arctic, Arctic, Alpine tundra, Alpine, and #Antarctic ...

biomes. Many

geobotanist Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution o ...

s divide Eurasian and North American areas into two distinct regions. The continents, however, share much of their boreal flora (e.g. ''

Betula nana ''Betula nana'', the dwarf birch, is a species of birch in the family Betulaceae, found mainly in the tundra of the Arctic region. Description It is a monoecious, deciduous shrub growing up to high. The bark is non-peeling and shiny red-copp ...

'', ''

Alnus viridis ''Alnus alnobetula'' is a common tree widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America. Many sources refer to it as ''Alnus viridis'', the green alder, but botanically this is considered an illegitimate name synonymous with ''Alnus alno ...

'', ''

Vaccinium vitis-idaea ''Vaccinium vitis-idaea'' is a small evergreen shrub in the heath family, Ericaceae. It is known colloquially as the lingonberry, partridgeberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry, or cowberry. It is native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throug ...

'', ''

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ''Arctostaphylos uva-ursi'' is a plant species of the genus ''Arctostaphylos'' widely distributed across circumboreal regions of the subarctic Northern Hemisphere. Kinnikinnick (from the Unami language for "smoking mixture") is a common name in ...

''). The flora was severely impoverished during

glaciation A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate be ...

s in the

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( ; referred to colloquially as the ''ice age, Ice Age'') is the geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fin ...

. The region is bordered by Eastern Asiatic, North American Atlantic,

Rocky Mountain The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of Western Canada, to New Mexico in ...

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

and

Irano-Turanian Region The Irano-Turanian Region is a floristic region located within the Tethyan Subkingdom of the Holarctic Kingdom. It is divided into 12 floristic provinces according to the work of Armen Takhtajan, a Soviet-Armenian botanist who created a classifi ...

s. There are no biological

families Family (from ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as ...

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

to this region, but it has endemic

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

(e.g. '' Lunaria'', '' Borodinia'', '' Gorodkovia'', '' Redowskia'', '' Soldanella'', '' Physospermum'', '' Astrantia'', '' Thorella'', '' Pulmonaria'', '' Erinus'', '' Ramonda'', '' Haberlea'', '' Stratiotes'', '' Telekia'') and many endemic

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

, especially in the mountains.

Floristic provinces

It is subdivided into a number of floristic provinces. Their delineation is debatable. According to a version of Takhtajan's classification, these are the Arctic, Atlantic European, Central European, Illyrian, Euxinian, Caucasian, Eastern European, Northern European, West Siberian, Altai-Sayan, Central Siberian, Transbaikalian, Northeastern Siberian, Okhotsk-Kamtchatkan and Canadian Provinces. *Arctic Province (

Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...

Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...

, northern treeless parts of

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

and

, all the

Arctic The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...

Islands), with more than a hundred endemic species (e.g. '' Ranunculus sabinei'', '' Papaver polare'', ''

Salix arctica ''Salix arctica'', the Arctic willow, is a tiny creeping willow (family Salicaceae). It is adapted to survive in Arctic conditions, specifically tundras. Description ''S. arctica'' is typically a low shrub growing to only in height, rarely to ...

'', '' Colpodium vahlianum'', '' Сolpodium wrightii'', ''

Puccinellia angustata ''Puccinellia'' is a genus of plants in the grass family, known as alkali grass or salt grass. These grasses grow in wet environments, often in saline or alkaline conditions. They are native to temperate to Arctic regions of the Northern and ...

'') *Atlantic European Province (

Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

Andorra Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a Sovereignty, sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees in Southwestern Europe, Andorra–France border, bordered by France to the north and Spain to A ...

, parts of

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...

and Norway), with two endemic genera ('' Petrocoptis'' and '' Thorella''), few dozens of endemic species (e.g. '' Corydalis claviculata'', ''

Ulex europaeus ''Ulex europaeus'', commonly known as gorse, common gorse, furze or whin, is a species of flowering plant native to Western Europe. Description Growing to tall, it is an evergreen shrub. The young stems are green, with the shoots and leaves ...

'', '' Genista anglica'', '' Deschampsia setacea'') *Central European Province (

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

Luxembourg Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembour ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...

Slovakia Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's m ...

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

, parts of

Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herze ...

Slovenia Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and a short (46.6 km) coastline within the Adriati ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway,

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

, Finland, Russia,

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...

Lithuania Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, P ...

Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

Moldova Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe, with an area of and population of 2.42 million. Moldova is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. ...

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

), with several endemic genera (e.g. '' Rhizobotrya'', '' Hladnikia'', '' Berardia'') and 10-15% endemic species (e.g. '' Aconitum paniculatum'', '' Dianthus alpinus'', '' Rhododendron hirsutum'', '' Soldanella carpatica'', '' Rosa abietina'', '' Saxifraga muscoides'', '' Trifolium saxatile'', '' Chaerophyllum villarsii'', '' Heracleum carpaticum'', '' Syringa josikaea'', '' Valeriana tripteris'', '' Campanula zoysii'', '' Campanula carpatica'', '' Pulmonaria filarzkyana'', '' Leontopodium alpinum'', ''

Narcissus poeticus ''Narcissus poeticus'', the poet's daffodil, poet's narcissus, nargis, pheasant's eye, findern flower or pinkster lily, was one of the first daffodils to be cultivated, and is frequently identified as the narcissus of ancient times (although ' ...

'', '' Narcissus angustifolius'', '' Gymnadenia albida'', ''

Carex carvula ''Carex'' is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus ''Carex'' may ...

'', '' Calamagrostis villosa'') *Illyrian Province (

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to th ...

Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

Kosovo Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe with International recognition of Kosovo, partial diplomatic recognition. It is bordered by Albania to the southwest, Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the ...

North Macedonia North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe. It shares land borders with Greece to the south, Albania to the west, Bulgaria to the east, Kosovo to the northwest and Serbia to the n ...

, parts of Slovenia, Croatia,

Montenegro , image_flag = Flag of Montenegro.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg , coa_size = 80 , national_motto = , national_anthem = () , image_map = Europe-Mont ...

Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...

Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...

and

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

) with several endemic genera (e.g. '' Haberlea'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Ramonda heldreichii'', '' Ramonda nathaliae'', '' Ramonda serbica'', '' Picea omorika'', '' Pinus heldreichii'', ''

Pinus peuce ''Pinus peuce'' (Macedonian pine or Balkan pine) (Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian: молика, molika; Bulgarian: бяла мура, byala mura) is a species of pine native to the mountains of North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro, Kos ...

'', ''

Rheum rhaponticum ''Rheum rhaponticum'', the false rhubarb, rhapontic rhubarb or rhapontic, is a plant species in the genus ''Rheum'' found in the wild. It is the only ''Rheum'' species found only in Europe, and is now restricted to the Rila mountain range in sout ...

'', ''

Aesculus hippocastanum ''Aesculus hippocastanum'', the horse chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the maple, Sapindus, soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree. It is also called horse-chestnu ...

'', '' Forsythia europaea'', '' Lathraea rhodopea'', '' Wulfenia baldacci'', '' Solenanthus scardicus'', '' Amphoricarpus neumayeri'', '' Narthecium scardicum'', '' Dioscorea balcanica'') *Euxinian Province (parts of Bulgaria, Turkey,

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...

and Russia around the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

), with two endemic genera ('' Chymsidia'' and '' Megacaryon'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Abies nordmanniana'', ''

Epimedium pubigerum ''Epimedium pubigerum'', also known by the common name hairy barrenwort,Rhs.org.uk. (2020). Epimedium pubigerum , hairy barrenwort/RHS Gardening. nlineAvailable at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/6494/Epimedium-pubigerum/Details ccessed 16 Feb. ...

'', '' Quercus pontica'', '' Quercus hartwissiana'', '' Веtula medwedewii'', '' Вetula megrelica'', ''

Corylus colchica ''Corylus colchica'', also known as ''Corylus iberica'', is a species of hazelnut endemic to Armenia and Georgia in the Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between th ...

'', '' Сorylus pontica'', '' Paeonia wittmanniana'', '' Hypericum bupleuroides'', '' Hypericum xylosteifolium'', '' Rhododendron ungernii'', '' Rhododendron smirnovii'', ''

Epigaea gaultherioides ''Epigaea gaultherioides'' is a species of flowering plant in the Ericaceae family. It is native to Transcaucasia and Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relati ...

'', '' Primula megaseifolia'', '' Cyclamen adsharicum'', '' Andrachne colchica'', '' Trapa colchica'', '' Staphylea colchica'', '' Hedera colchica'', ''

Astrantia pontica ''Astrantia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Central, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus. There are several species, which have aromatic roots, palmate leaves, and decorative flowers. They are commo ...

'', ''

Heracleum mantegazzianum ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'', commonly known as giant hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. ''H. mantegazzianum'' is also known as cartwheel-flower, giant cow parsley, giant cow parsnip, or hogsb ...

'', '' Seseli rupicola'', '' Rhamnus imeretinus'', ''

Osmanthus decorus ''Osmanthus'' is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, the Himalayas, etc.) with a few species from the Cau ...

'', '' Trachystemon orientale'', '' Rhamphicarpa medwedewii'', '' Gentiana paradoxa'', '' Scabiosa olgae'', '' Campanula mirabilis'', '' Campanula lactiflora'', '' Inula magnifica'', '' Lilium ponticum'', '' Ruscus colchicus'', '' Dioscorea caucasica'', '' Campanula mirabilis''), some endemic species and genera shared with the Caucasian Province (see below). *Caucasian Province (parts of Russia, Georgia,

Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...

and

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental and landlocked country at the boundary of West Asia and Eastern Europe. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by ...

), with five endemic genera ('' Pseudovesicaria'', '' Symphyoloma'', '' Pseudobetckea'', '' Trigonocaryum'' and '' Cladochaeta'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Betula raddeana'', '' Papaver oreophilum'', '' Corydalis pallidiflora'', '' Сorydalis emanuelii'', '' Cerastium kasbek'', '' Сerastium argenteum'', '' Сerastium multiflorum'', '' Minuartia inamoena'', '' Silena lacera'', '' Gypsophila acutifolia'', '' Dianthus fragrans'', '' Sobolevskia caucasica'', '' Draba bryoides'', '' Draba elisabethae'', '' Draba supranivalis'', '' Draba molissima'', '' Draba ossetica'', '' Primula bayernii'', '' Saxifraga subverticillata'', '' Sedum stevenianum'', '' Geranium renardii'', '' Oxytropis owerinii'', '' Genliana grossheimii'', '' Gentinana septemfida'' var. ''lagodechiana'', '' Gentiana marcowiczii'', '' Veronica caucasica'', '' Campanula andina'', '' Centaurea amblyolepis'', '' Lilium monadelphum'', '' Galanthus latifolius'', '' Ornithogalum magnum'', '' Colchicum laetum'', '' Asphodoline tenuior'', '' Gagea helenae'', '' Calamagrostis caucasica''), many endemic species and genera shared with the Euxinian Province (e.g. '' Agasyllis'', '' Sredinskya'', '' Rhododendron caucasicum'', '' Vaccinium arctostaphylos'', ''

Daphne pontica ''Daphne pontica'', commonly known as twin-flowered or Pontic daphne, is a species of flowering plant in the family (biology), family Thymelaeaceae, native plant, native to Bulgaria, northern Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a small evergreen shrub ...

'', '' Paris incompleta''). *Eastern European Province (parts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. '' Anemone uralensis'', '' Papaver maeoticum'', '' Dianthus eugeniae'', '' Dianthus krylovianus'', '' Dianthus volgicus'', '' Diplotaxis cretacea'', '' Sisymbrium wolgense'', '' Syrenia talievii'', '' Pyrus rossica'', '' Hedysarum cretaceum'', '' Нedysarum ucrainicum'', '' Erodium beketowii'', '' Linaria cretacea'', '' Linaria macroura'', '' Scrophularia cretacea'') *Northern European Province (parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), without endemic genera, with but few endemic species (e.g. '' Corispermum algidum'', '' Castilleja schrenkii'') *West Siberian Province (parts of Russia and

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a European Kazakhstan, small portion in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the Kazakhstan–Russia border, north and west, China to th ...

), without endemic genera, with few endemic species * Altai-Sayan Province (Parts of Russia and

Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...

), with one endemic genus (''

Microstigma ''Microstigma'' is a species of damselfly, damselflies belonging to the family Coenagrionidae. Species * ''Microstigma anomalum'' Rambur, 1842 * ''Microstigma maculatum'' Hagen in Selys, 1860 * ''Microstigma rotundatum'' Selys, 1860 Reference ...

'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Callianthemum sajanense'', '' Eranthis sibirica'', '' Aquilegia borodinii'', '' Delphinium mirabile'', '' Delphinium inconspicuum'', '' Aconitum krylovii'', '' Aconitum altaicum'', '' Anemone baicalensis'', '' Ranunculus sajanensis'', '' Gymnospermium altaicum'', '' Betula kelleriana'', '' Stellaria martjanovii'', '' Stellaria imbricata'', ''

Stellaria irrigua ''Stellaria irrigua'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names umbrella starwort and umbellate starwort. It is native to western North America from Alaska and north-western Canada to the south-wester ...

'', '' Silene turgida'', '' Aphragmus involucratus'', '' Erysimum inense'', '' Euphorbia alpina'', '' Euphorbia altaica'', '' Euphorbia tshuiensis'', '' Rhodiola algida'', '' Sedum populifolium'', '' Chrysosplenium filipes'', '' Caragana altaica'', '' Vicia lilacina'', '' Lathyrus frolovii'', '' Lathyrus krylovii'', '' Linum violascens'', '' Scrophularia altaica'', '' Schizonepeta annua'', '' Valeriana petrophila'', '' Brachanthemum baranovii'', '' Echinops humilis'', '' Saussurea serratuloides'', '' Saussurea sajanensis'', '' Allium pumilum'', '' Carex tatjanae'', species of ''

Astragalus Astragalus may refer to: * ''Astragalus'' (plant), a large genus of herbs and small shrubs *Astragalus (bone) The talus (; Latin for ankle or ankle bone; : tali), talus bone, astragalus (), or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known ...

'' and '' Oxytropis'') *Central Siberian Province (parts of Russia) without endemic genera, with but few endemic species *Transbaikalian Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. '' Aconitum montibaicalensis'', '' Draba baicalensis'', '' Saxifraga algisii'', '' Potentilla adenotricha'', '' Astragalus trigonocarpus'', '' Oxytropis heterotricha'', '' Mertensia serrulata'') *Northeastern Siberian Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Gorodkovia'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Corydalis gorodkovii'', '' Androsace gorodkovii'', '' Saxifraga anadyrensis'', '' Potentilla anadyrensis'', '' Potentilla tollii'', '' Helictotrichon krylovii'', '' Poa lanatiflora''). *Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Redowskia'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Abies gracilis'', '' Picea kamtschatkensis'', '' Delphinium ochotense'', '' Aconitum ajanense'', '' Aconitum ochotense'', '' Corydalis redowskii'', '' Stellaria peduncularis'', '' Arenaria redowskii'', '' Lychnis ajanensis'', '' Sorbus kamtschatcensis'', '' Oxytropis ajanensis'', '' Oxytropis tilingii'', '' Sambucus kamtschatica''). *Canadian Province ( St. Pierre and Miquelon, parts of Canada and the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

)David Lewis Lentz. 2000

Notes

Bibliography

* C.Michael Hogan. 2011
''Taiga''. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
* David Lewis Lentz. 2000. ''Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas'', Science, 547 pages, page * Robert F. Thorne
Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico
''

Flora of North America The ''Flora of North America North of Mexico'' (usually referred to as ''FNA'') is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America, including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenla ...

'', Vol. 1, Ch. 6. {{Flora of the United States by political division Floristic regions Holarctic

Floristic provinces

See also

Notes

Bibliography