Chizhi Shizhu Hou (; d. 195), personal name Yufuluo (於夫羅), was a puppet ''chanyu'' of the Southern

Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of Nomad, nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese historiography, Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, t ...

during the late

Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...

. In 188, he was appointed ''chanyu'' by the Han court following the murder of his father

Qiangqu Qiangqu (; r. 179–188 AD) was the Western Wise Prince, successor to Huzheng, and ''chanyu'' of the Southern Xiongnu from 179 to 188 AD. Qiangqu's reign coincided with a troublesome time for the Han Empire, and few records address Chin ...

and would later gain the Xiongnu title of Chizhi Shizhu Hou.

Biography

In 184, Qiangqu sent Yufuluo to assist the Han in fighting the

Yellow Turban Rebellion The Yellow Turban Rebellion, alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 CE, during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although t ...

. He was later sent to fight against Zhang Chun and the

Wuhuan The Wuhuan (, < Eastern Han Chinese: *''ʔɑ-ɣuɑn'', <

You province You Prefecture or You Province, also known by its Chinese language, Chinese name Youzhou, was a prefecture (''Zhou (country subdivision), zhou'') in North China, northern China during its imperial era. "You Province" was cited in some ancient so ...

in 187. Resentment towards the ''Chanyu'' was growing among the Southern Xiongnu for his relentless conscription of their tribes to do the Han's bidding. At the time, the Xiuchuge people had also rebelled, invading Xihe Commandery from the Hetao region and killing the Inspector of

Bing province Bingzhou, or Bing Province, was a location in ancient China. According to legend, when Yu the Great (–2100 BC) tamed the flood, he divided the land of China into the Nine Provinces. Historical texts such as the ''Rites of Zhou'', and "Treatise ...

. In 188, dissidents led by Xiluo clan of the Right Division allied with the Xiuchuge rebels and killed Qiangqu. The Han court attempted to appoint the Western Tuqi Prince Yufuluo as ''chanyu'', instead of using the traditional Xiongnu election system. The Southern Xiongnu dissented and elected the Marquis of Xubu as a lawful alternate leader. They expelled Yufuluo, who fled to the Han imperial court. When the Marquis of Xubu died the next year an elderly king became the nominal head of state without the title of ''chanyu'' and the Southern Xiongnu ceased to exist as a coherent entity. Yufuluo fled to the Han court but found no support after the death of

Emperor Ling of Han Emperor Ling of Han (156/157 – 13 May 189), personal name Liu Hong, was the 12th emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was also the last Eastern Han emperor to exercise effective power during his reign. Born the son of a lesser marquis who ...

in 189. As the Southern Xiongnu rebels prevented him from returning home, he and his followers relocated to Pingyang County in

Hedong Commandery Hedong Commandery () was a historical region in the Qin and Han dynasties of ancient China. Hedong was located to the east of the Yellow River in Shanxi (around present-day Yuncheng). History Hedong Commandery was established by the Qin state d ...

, east of the

Fen River The Fen River drains the center of Shanxi Province, China. It originates in the Guancen Mountains of Ningwu County in northeast Shanxi, flows southeast into the basin of Taiyuan, and then south through the central valley of Shanxi before turni ...

. He became a wandering mercenary, working under the Yellow Turbans,

Yuan Shao Yuan Shao (, ; died 28 June 202), courtesy name Benchu (), was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He occupied the northern territories of China during the civil wars that occurred tow ...

, and the

Heishan bandits The Heishan bandits or Black Mountain bandits () was a bandit confederacy in the Taihang Mountain range during the later years of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. They played a part in the internecine feuds that followed the Eastern Han dynasty's ...

of Zhang Yan. In 193, he supported

Yuan Shu Yuan Shu () (155 – 199), courtesy name Gonglu, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He rose to prominence following the collapse of the Han central government in 189. He decla ...

at the

Battle of Fengqiu The Battle of Fengqiu () was fought between Cao Cao and Yuan Shu in the spring of 193 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Cao Cao emerged victorious against Yuan Shu's forces. Battle Cao Cao's army was stationed in Juancheng (鄄城). Liu Biao, t ...

against

Cao Cao Cao Cao (; ; ; 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese statesman, warlord, and poet who rose to power during the end of the Han dynasty (), ultimately taking effective control of the Han central government. He laid the foundation f ...

, but was defeated. It was around this time that he may have surrendered to Cao Cao.After the defeat in 193, there were no other battles between Cao Cao and Yufuluo's group for many years. According to Zhong Yao's biography in the ''Sanguozhi'', his successor, Huchuquan is recorded as having rebelled against Cao Cao in 202. (其後匈奴單於作亂平陽...) ''Sanguozhi'', vol.13 He died in 195 and his remaining followers joined his brother Huchuquan. Yufuluo's son was Liu Bao, who in 216, was appointed by the Han chancellor

to supervise the Southern Xiongnu in

Shanxi Shanxi; Chinese postal romanization, formerly romanised as Shansi is a Provinces of China, province in North China. Its capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi a ...

. Yufuluo's grandson Liu Yuan went on to found the state of

Han-Zhao The Han-Zhao ( zh, s=汉赵, t=漢趙, p=Hàn Zhào; 304–329 AD), or Former Zhao ( zh, s=前赵, t=前趙, p=Qián Zhào), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Liu ( Luandi) clan of Chuge-Xiongnu ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms per ...

in 304, one of the first states of the

Sixteen Kingdoms The Sixteen Kingdoms (), less commonly the Sixteen States, was a chaotic period in Chinese history from AD 304 to 439 when northern China fragmented into a series of short-lived dynastic states. The majority of these states were founded b ...

. However, some modern Chinese scholars cast doubt on Liu Bao and Liu Yuan's lineage to Yufuluo, believing that the Lius were instead from the Chuge or Xiuchuge people that killed Qiangqu and sent Yufuluo into exile. Their theory suggests that Liu Yuan may had fabricated his lineage to Yufuluo to increase their legitimacy as descendants of the Southern Xiongnu chanyus and the Han dynasty (due to the marriage of

Modu Chanyu Modu () was the son of Touman and the founder of the empire of the Xiongnu. He came to power by ordering his men to kill his father in 209 BCE. Modu ruled from 209 to 174 BCE. He was a military leader under his father Touman and later ''chanyu ...

to a Han princess).

Family

Chizhi Shizhu Hou had a son, Liu Bao. He also had a brother called Huchuquan.

Footnotes

References

* *Bichurin N.Ya., ''"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"'', vol. 1, p. 146, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 195

(''Qian Han Shu Ch. 94b'') * * * * * * * * *Taskin B.S., ''"Materials on Sünnu history"'', Science, Moscow, 1968, p. 31 (In Russian) * {{DEFAULTSORT:Chizhishizhuhou Year of birth unknown 195 deaths Chanyus 2nd-century monarchs in Asia

Biography

Family

See also

Footnotes

References