Children's Rights Under ISIL

The terrorist group, self-proclaimed Islamic State (Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has committed several fundamental violations of children's rights in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq and Syria The conventions protecting children's rights is the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). This is the most ratified international human rights treaty in history which established the widely supported view that children and young persons have the same basic general human rights as adults and also specific rights that recognize their special needs. A further two additional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 May 2000 covering the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. In ISIL's rise in the recent years, they have committed various violations of the (CRC) and its protocols, which have been signed and ratified by Iraq and Syria.

ISIL not a party to Conventions

ISIL has been accepted as a sufficiently organized non-State armed group to be considered as a party to the non-international armed conflicts in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic and the situations in both countries amount to armed conflicts of a non-international character.
International humanitarian law is applicable to armed conflicts of a non-international character thus applicable to both Iraq and the Syrian Republic. All parties to the conflict which include ISIL are thus bound by common article 3 of Geneva Conventions. This establishes the minimum standards relating to the treatment and protection of civilians, those no longer actively participating in the hostilities and civilian objects.
ISIL currently controls large areas of territory in which millions of individuals live and it has declared itself a “State” which runs both a civil and a military administration including the establishment of a “court” system. Having these in place, the threshold for ISIL to be bound by human rights obligations has clearly been met and so, at the very least, ISIL is bound under international law to respect core human rights obligations, such as the right to life, the absolute prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the prohibition of slavery and the prohibition of enforced disappearance, as well as the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
Furthermore, Iraq and The Syrian Arab Republic are parties to major human rights treaties and various optional protocols. It has been established that in situations of armed conflict, international human rights law continues to apply and both international human rights law and international humanitarian law frameworks will act together in a mutually reinforcing way.

Violations

Children's right to life

The right to life is a fundamental inherent right of all children, established in Article 6 of the CRC. The constant attacks by ISIL in Iraq and Syria violate this fundamental right by causing the deaths of hundreds of children.United Nations Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Iraq, 2015, pg

/ref> In Iraq, the United Nations reported that killing and maiming continue to be the violations that most affect children. Since 2014, there has been a significant increase in violence which resulted in a conservative estimation of 1,256 children killed and 1,831 children injured as a result of the conflict-related violence from 1 January 2014 to the end of April 2015. In 2014 to 2015, the counter-ISIL operations had intensified resulting in significant increase in documented child casualties due to the clashes between parties to the conflict. Of these documented attacks, it has been alleged that more than half are results of attacks using tactics of extreme violence by ISIL. Also reported was the systematic killing of children belonging religious and ethnic minorities by ISIL, including numerous cases of mass execution of boys.
In Syria, the United Nations has limited capacity to verify information in the areas under the control of ISIL. There have been reports regarding the execution of children in Hasakah, Raqqah and Dayr Az-Zawr. An estimated one-fifth of child casualties are caused by vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices and suicide attacks by ISIL. In April 2014, 69 children were killed and injured in a double improvised explosive device attack in a government-controlled neighbourhood of Homs.
The violent attacks by ISIL have been in violation of the international Human Rights and Humanitarian laws.

Recruitment and use of children in armed conflict

This act is prohibited under various international treaties and conventions such as Article 77.2 of the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, Article 4.3.c of Protocol II, additional to the Geneva Conventions and International Labour Organisation's Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention. In summary, they condemn and prohibit the recruitment of children under the age of 18. In 2014 alone, it was verified by the United Nations at least 67 cases of boys being recruited by ISIL and these numbers are not likely to reflect the actual scope of child recruitment. From August 2014 to 2015, it has been reported that hundreds of boys were forcibly taken from their homes in NInawa and sent to training centers, where boys as young as the age of 8 received weapons training and combat tactics. In addition, in early February 2015, ISIL imposed compulsory recruitment of children in the Rutba district.Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Iraq, 2015, pg 1

/ref> In Syria, there have been reports of significant increase in the recruitment of young boys. Furthermore, ISIL has reportedly established 3 training camps in Raqqa and have imprisoned hundreds of boys as young as 10 at Aleppo forcing on to them indoctrinated seminars with promised rewards of salaries, a martyr's place in paradise and "gift" of wife upon joining ISIL. These violations by ISIL are war crimes and in breach of fundamental human rights they are required to uphold.

Slavery and sexual violence

This act is prohibited by international human rights law in instruments such as the CRC, art 34, 37 and 39 and Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Article 1 provides that "States Parties shall prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography as provided for by the present Protocol." The rise of ISIL has led to an increase in reported violations of sexual violence committed against children, particularly girls. These violations are likely to be under reported due to security and access constraints by the United Nations and fear of repercussions by the girls. In one of the reported cases, on 6 August 2014, In Sinjar district over 400 Yezidi women and girls were abducted by ISIL and sent to two ISIL controlled areas, Ghabat al-Mosul and Tal Afar

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