The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan (''HÃvaro'', ''JÃvaro'', ''Jibaro'') is a small
language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics ...
of northern
Peru
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...
and eastern
Ecuador
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...
.
Family division
Chicham consists of four languages:
: 1.
Shuar
The Shuar, also known as Jivaro, are an indigenous ethnic group that inhabits the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazonia. They are famous for their hunting skills and their tradition of head shrinking, known as Tzantsa.
The Shuar language belongs to ...
: 2.
Achuar-Shiwiar
: 3.
Awajun
: 4.
Huambisa
This language family is spoken in
Amazonas, Cajamarca,
Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the
Oriente region of Ecuador.
Mason (1950)
Internal classification of the Chicham languages by
Mason
Mason may refer to:
Occupations
* Mason, brick mason, or bricklayer, a worker who lays bricks to assist in brickwork, or who lays any combination of stones, bricks, cinder blocks, or similar pieces
* Stone mason, a craftsman in the stone-cutti ...
(1950):
* Chicham
**
Aguaruna Aguaruna may refer to:
* Aguaruna people, an ethnic group of Peru
* Aguaruna language
Aguaruna (or as native speakers prefer to call it, ) is an indigenous American language of the Chicham family spoken by the Aguaruna people in Northern Peru ...
*** Alapico
*** Indanza
*** Iransa
*** Maranza
*** Santiago
*** Patocuma
*** Chiguasa
*** Yuganza
**
Wambisa
*** Uambisa
*** Cherembo
*** Chirapa
*** Chiwando
*** Candoa
*** Cangaime
*** Mangosisa
**
Achuale
*** Capawari
*** Copatasa
*** Machine
*** Pindu
*** Wampoya
** Antipa
** Maca
*** Walakisa
*** Zamora
*** Pintuc
*** Ayuli
*** Morona
*** Miazal
** Upano
** Bolona
** Bracamoro (Pacamuru)
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):
[Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ]
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguÃstico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of BrasÃlia
A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...
.
( = extinct)
*Jivaro
**''
Aguaruna Aguaruna may refer to:
* Aguaruna people, an ethnic group of Peru
* Aguaruna language
Aguaruna (or as native speakers prefer to call it, ) is an indigenous American language of the Chicham family spoken by the Aguaruna people in Northern Peru ...
''
**''
Palta''
**Jivaro, Nuclear
***''
Achuar-Shiwiar''
***''
Wambisa''
***''
Shuar
The Shuar, also known as Jivaro, are an indigenous ethnic group that inhabits the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazonia. They are famous for their hunting skills and their tradition of head shrinking, known as Tzantsa.
The Shuar language belongs to ...
''
Genetic relations
The extinct
Palta language was classified as Chicham by
Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño
Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño (11 December 1890 – 17 August 1950) was an Ecuadorian historian, archeologist, and politician. He was the mayor of the city of Quito (the capital of Ecuador) from 1946 to 1948. He was a member of the Ecuadorian parlia ...
about 1940 and was followed by
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak linguist and ethnologist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková.
Career
Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Lou ...
. However, only a few words are known, and Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance".
The most promising external connections are with the
Cahuapanan languages
The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero ...
and perhaps a few other language isolates in proposals variously called ''JÃvaro-Cahuapana (HÃvaro-Kawapánan)'' (
Jorge Suárez and others) or ''
Macro-Jibaro
The Macro-Jibaro proposal, also known as ''(Macro-)Andean'', is a language proposal of Morris Swadesh and other historical linguists. The two families, Jivaroan languages, Jivaroan and Cahuapanan languages, Cahuapanan are most frequently linked ...
'' or ''Macro-Andean'' (
Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh ( ; January 22, 1909 – July 20, 1967) was an American linguist who specialized in comparative and historical linguistics, and developed his mature career at UNAM in Mexico. Swadesh was born in Massachusetts to Bessarabian Jewi ...
and others, with Cahuapanan,
Urarina
The Urarina are an indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon Basin (Loreto (Department of Peru), Loreto) who inhabit the valleys of the Chambira, Urituyacu, and Corrientes Rivers. According to both archaeological and historical sources, they have ...
,
Puelche, and maybe
Huarpe
The Huarpes or Warpes are an Indigenous people of Argentina, living in the Cuyo region. Some scholars assume that in the Huarpe language, this word means "sandy ground," but according to ''Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua general del Reino de C ...
).
The
unclassified
Classified information is confidential material that a government deems to be sensitive information which must be protected from unauthorized disclosure that requires special handling and dissemination controls. Access is restricted by law or r ...
language
Candoshi
Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, Kandozi-Chapra, and Murato) is an indigenous American language isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona rive ...
has also been linked to Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. However, more recently, linguists have searched elsewhere for Candoshi's relatives.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Quechuan
Quechua (, ), also called (, 'people's language') in Southern Quechua, is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes. Derived from a common ancestral " Proto-Quechua" l ...
,
Kwaza,
Taruma,
Yanomami
The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people of the Americas, indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. ...
,
Katukina-Katawixi,
Kandoshi,
Tupi, and
Arawan language families due to contact. This suggests that Chicham had originated further downstream in the Central Amazon region.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chicham languages.
Proto-language
Payne's (1981) Proto-Shuar reconstruction is based on data from Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa, while his Proto-Shuar-Candoshi reconstruction also integrates data from Candoshi and Shapra.
For reconstructions of Proto-Shuar and Proto-Shuar-Candoshi by Payne (1981), see the corresponding
Spanish article.
References
Bibliography
* Campbell, Lyle (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* Dean, Bartholomew (1990). ''The State and the Aguaruna: Frontier Expansion in the Upper Amazon, 1541-1990''. M.A. thesis in the Anthropology of Social Change and Development, Harvard University.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). ''Language in the Americas''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Greene, Landon Shane (2004). ''Paths to a Visionary Politics''. PhD dissertation. University of Chicago.
* Kaufman, Terrence (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
* Kaufman, Terrence (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
* Payne, David L. (1981). "Bosquejo fonológico del Proto-Shuar-Candoshi: evidencias para una relación genética." ''Revista del Museo Nacional'' 45. 323-377.
* SolÃs Fonseca, Gustavo (2003). ''Lenguas en la amazonÃa peruana''. Lima: edición por demanda.
External links
* Proel
Familia Jibaroana*
* Alain Fabre, 2005, ''Diccionario etnolingüÃstico y guÃa bibliográfica de los pueblos indÃgenas sudamericanos: JIVARO'
{{Authority control
Chicham languages,
Language families
Indigenous languages of the South American Northern Foothills