Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn (; 25 January 1888 – 15 January 1957), also known as Yi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn (), was a

Korean independence activist The following is a list of known people (including non-Koreans) that participated in the Korean independence movement against the colonization of Korea by Japan. Early activists People whose main independence activities were conducted before ...

during the period of Japanese rule (1910–1945). He later became a South Korean politician. His name was originally Chi Sŏkkyu, but he took the

nom de guerre A ''nom de guerre'' (, 'war name') is a pseudonym chosen by someone to use when they are involved in a particular activity, especially fighting in a war. In Ancien régime, ''ancien régime'' Kingdom of France, France it would be adopted by each n ...

Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn, meaning "Earth and Blue Sky", while leading Korean guerrilla forces against the Japanese. To hide his identity from Japanese forces while conducting military independence activities, he also used the names Chi Taehyŏng, Chi Subong, and Chi Ŭlgyu. His pen name was Paeksan, meaning White (Bright, Clear, Snowy) Mountain. He was a 1914 graduate of the

Imperial Japanese Army Academy The was the principal officer's training school for the Imperial Japanese Army. The programme consisted of a junior course for graduates of local army cadet schools and for those who had completed four years of middle school, and a senior course f ...

; however, he defected to the Korean guerrilla forces in 1919, bringing with him knowledge of modern military techniques from his experience as a

lieutenant A lieutenant ( , ; abbreviated Lt., Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a Junior officer, junior commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations, as well as fire services, emergency medical services, Security agency, security services ...

in the

Imperial Japanese Army The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA; , ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'', "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the principal ground force of the Empire of Japan from 1871 to 1945. It played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during th ...

. His skills were appreciated by the Korean guerrilla forces, who made him the superintendent of the Sinheung Military Academy, where new leaders of the Korean forces were trained. In 1940, he became the commander-in-chief of the

Korean Liberation Army The Korean Liberation Army (KLA; ), also known as the Korean Restoration Army, was the armed forces of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. It was established on September 17, 1940, in Chongqing, Republic of China (1912–1949), ...

, sponsored by the

Chinese Nationalists The Kuomintang (KMT) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was the sole ruling party of the country during its rule from 1927 to 1949 in Mainland China until its relocation to Taiwan, and in Taiwan ruled under ...

. During the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, he invited General Hong Sa-ik, the highest ranking Korean officer in the

, to defect and join the Korean Liberation Army, but the invitation was declined. Following Korea's liberation, he served as a member of the South Korea's National Assembly. He died in 1957, and was posthumously honored by the

government of South Korea The government of South Korea () is the national government of the Republic of Korea, created by the Constitution of South Korea as the executive, legislative and judicial authority of the republic. The president acts as the head of state and ...

with the Order of Independence Merit for National Foundation in 1962.

Biography

Early life

Birth and ancestry

Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn was born as the youngest son of his father, Chi Chaesŏn (池在善), and his mother, who was of the Gyeongju Lee clan, at 30 Samcheong-dong, Jongno District,

Seoul Seoul, officially Seoul Special Metropolitan City, is the capital city, capital and largest city of South Korea. The broader Seoul Metropolitan Area, encompassing Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon, emerged as the world's List of cities b ...

. His hometown was

Chungju Chungju () is a Administrative divisions of South Korea, city in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. Uamsan is a mountain located within the outskirts of the city. The city is famous for the annual martial arts festival held in October. Al ...

, his childhood name was Subong, and his official name was Seokgyu. His father, Chi Chaesŏn, is the 31st generation descendant of Chigyŏng (池鏡), the founder of the

Chungju Ji clan Chungju Ji clan () is one of the Korean clans Korean clans are groups of Koreans, Korean people that share the same Patrilineality, paternal ancestor. They are indicated by the combination of a ''bongwan'' () and a family name. Korean clans di ...

. He is a descendant of Chi Yonggi (池湧奇), who served as a scholar-chanchanseongsa of Goryeo. His family was one that produced military officers such as Chi Kyech'oe (池繼催) who suppressed the rebellion of

Yi Kwal Yi Kwal (; 1562 – 14 February 1624) was a general during the Joseon Dynasty, Korea, known for the failed Yi Kwal's Rebellion. His family belonged to the Goseong Lee clan, Goseong Yi clan. He rebelled against Injo of Joseon, King Injo in 1624, ...

(李适) in the mid-Joseon Dynasty and died heroically while fighting against Qing soldiers at Sin'gye (新溪) during the Byeongjahoran. The late 1880s, around the time Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn was born, was a time when the fate of the country was very precarious, like a candle in the wind, as the invasion of Western powers and Japanese imperialism became more blatant. While the armies of world powers, including

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

, the

Qing Dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

, the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

, the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

, and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

, were constantly strengthening their efforts to invade Joseon, the British illegal occupation of Geomun-do occurred in 1885. Domestically, it was also a time when the confrontational relationship between the enlightenment faction, which was the main force behind the

Kapsin Coup The Kapsin Coup, also known as the Kapsin Revolution, was a failed three-day coup d'état that occurred in Korea during 1884. Korean reformers in the Enlightenment Party sought to initiate rapid changes within the country, including eliminating ...

, which wanted to dismantle feudal society and achieve enlightenment by accepting Western civilization, and the anti-foreign forces and feudal forces that wanted to absolutely repel the invasion of foreign powers, became acute. . In 1882,

Heungseon Daewongun Heungseon Daewongun (; 24 January 1821 – 22 February 1898) was the title of Yi Ha-eung, the regent of Joseon during the minority of Emperor Gojong in the 1860s. Until his death, he was a key political figure of late Joseon Korea. He was also ca ...

, the leader of the anti-foreign forces movement, was kidnapped by

Qing The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

soldiers and imprisoned in

Baoding Baoding is a prefecture-level city in central Hebei province, approximately southwest of Beijing. As of the 2020 census, Baoding City had 11,544,036 inhabitants, of which 2,549,787 lived in the metropolitan area made of 4 out of 5 urban distri ...

which is in

Hebei Province Hebei is a Provinces of China, province in North China. It is China's List of Chinese administrative divisions by population, sixth-most populous province, with a population of over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. It bor ...

. Additionally, socially, it was a time when the weakening of national defense was exposed as the

Imo Incident The Imo Incident, also sometimes known as the Imo Mutiny, Soldier's riot or Jingo-gunran in Japanese, was a violent uprising and riot in Seoul beginning in 1882, by soldiers of the Joseon Army who were later joined by disaffected members of the ...

broke out due to corruption within the military along with the dissolution of feudal society.

Childhood

When he was 5 years old, his father died of intestinal paralysis, and he was raised by a single mother. Chi's mother in raising never spoiled him despite him being her only son. She sometimes played the role of mother and father, and even in difficult economic conditions without a head of the family, she educated him with all her heart focusing on the three organs: intelligence, virtue, and body.

Entering the Military Academy

He graduated from Pai Chai Academy in 1906 at the end of the Joseon Dynasty. In 1908, he entered the Military Academy of the Korean Empire. At that time, the Military Academy of the Korean Empire had narrowly escaped closure due to the disbandment of the military in the summer of 1907 and continued to exist in a reduced form. Therefore, joining the academy was very difficult at the time and required the assurance or recommendation of an influential person. Chi was narrowly able to enter the academy thanks to his mother's help to Lady Eom through a family member. However, the following year, in August 1909, during his second year of study, the military was abolished due to pressure from the Resident-General, and at the same time, the Military Academy was also closed down. At this time, the Japanese side decided to use their generosity to send about 50 first- and second-year cadets to study at the Tokyo Army Central Youth School in Japan. Accordingly, Chi goes on a study abroad trip to Japan with his classmates and juniors. Until this time, he used his real name (Chi Dae-hyeong). When Korea and Japan were annexed while studying abroad, he was transferred to the infantry department of the

and graduated as a member of the 26th class in 1914. After being promoted to lieutenant, he went into exile in Manchuria in 1919, became the head of the Shinheung Military Academy, and devoted himself to training executives for the independence army. It is said that during his exile at this time, he took with him the Japanese army's military manual (a type of tactical manual) and military maps. He was the only person in the independence army to graduate from a regular military academy, and Chi's value must have been very important to the independence army.

Marriage Anecdote

Afterwards, Chi married Yun Yongja (尹容慈), a woman from the Papyeong Yun family, according to his mother's orders. Chi, after drinking Haphwanju with his new wife, said this at the meeting with his wife that night. Even though it was an old-fashioned arranged marriage, it was a remark that was difficult for a dreamy, beautiful 18-year-old bride to hear from her husband on the first day of her wedding. However, Yongja Yun had no choice but to quietly nod without realizing it.

Anecdote about Name Change

He was not afraid of dying, but believed that since dying without accomplishing what he wanted would be so vain, he would change his name to avoid getting caught. So, instead of the existing name Seok-gyu, he took the new name Ch'ŏngch'ŏn, and his surname Chi was uncommon and easily heard by others, so he took his mother's surname (Lee). From this time on, Kim Gwang-seo (金光瑞) also changed his name to Eungcheon (應天). It is also said that when he was caught by the police of the Japanese Government General of Korea while crossing Manchuria by train, the name he blurted out was 'Yi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn.' Later, Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn's daughter and independence activist Chi Pokyŏng (池復榮) recalled:

Independence Activism

Independence Army

In 1920, Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn was in the

Provisional Government A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revoluti ...

Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...

and moved over to the Manchurian Military Government, an affiliate organization of the

. After receiving an invitation, he moved to the Western Military Government and took office as an executive in the Western Military Government. However, after the Battle of Cheongsanri, to avoid large-scale retaliation against Koreans by the Japanese army, he closed the Shinheung Military Academy and led his troops to Gando, where he organized the

Korean Independence Corps The Korean Independence Corps () was a militant Korean independence organization that united the Korean Independence armies until its dissolution after the Free City Incident, reorganization in Manchuria, and its final dissolution. Overview ...

with Seo Il,

Hong Beom-do General Hong Beom-do (; August 27, 1868 – October 25, 1943) was a Korean independence activist and national hero. Hong served as commander of a guerrilla unit of the Justice Army "Yibyon" within the Righteous armies and the Korean Independenc ...

Kim Kyu-sik Kim Kyu-sik (, January 29, 1881 – December 10, 1950), also spelled Kimm Kiusic, was a Korean politician and academic during the Korean independence movement and a leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Kim served in var ...

, and

Kim Chwajin Kim Chwajin (; 24 November 1889 – 24 January 1930), also known by his art name Paegya, was a Koreans, Korean General officer, military general, Korean independence movement, independence activist and Anarchism in Korea, anarchist. Born into a ...

. After the Free City Incident in June 1921, he moved to

Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and , ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 587,891 Irkutsk is the List of cities and towns in Russ ...

, where he formed the Koryo Revolutionary Army (August 1921) with Oh Hamuk and others. → It is a separate organization from the Goryeo Revolutionary Army (May 1923), located in

Jilin Province ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_a ...

, founded by

and Lee Beom-seok. In October of the same year, he took office as principal of the Goryeo Revolutionary Military Academy. He was arrested around April 1922 due to a conflict between the educational policy of the military academy and the regulations of the Soviet authorities, but was released through the efforts of the Provisional Government in July. He organized the Righteous Government with

Yang Gi-tak Yang Kit'ak (; April 2, 1871 – April 20, 1938) was one of the leaders of Korean independence movement who served as the 9th president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea from 1933 to 1935. ''The Korea Daily News'' In 1904 ...

, Oh Dong-jin, and later organized the newly integrated Innovation Council. In July 1930, after

was assassinated, he participated in the founding of the Korean Independence Party (not the same one as Kim Ku's party), and separately created the Korean Independence Army and took office as the commander-in-chief of the independence army. In Manchuria, they joined forces with the Chinese Tiger Army and conducted joint Korean-Chinese operations (Daejeonjaryeong, Battle of Ssangseongbo), but around May and June 1933, Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn and Lee Beom-seok led about 100 men and crossed to mainland China. He joined

Kim Ku Kim Ku (; August 29, 1876 – June 26, 1949), also known by his art name Paekpŏm, was a Korean independence activist and statesman. He was a leader of the Korean independence movement against the Empire of Japan, head of the Provisional Gove ...

's faction in late 1933, but in 1934, Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn left the party and founded the New Korea Independence Party and went out separately. In 1935, he participated in the National Revolutionary Party of

Kim Won-bong Kim Won-bong (; 1898 – ) was a Korean independence activist, Korean anarchist, communist, and later statesman for North Korea. He was a general of the Korean Liberation Army and the commander of the Heroic Corps and the Korean Volunteer ...

and

. However, after conflict with Kim Won-bong, he rebelled against Kim Won-bong's policy of appeasing and embracing left-wing careerists, so he left the party in April 1937 and founded the Joseon Revolutionary Party.

Korean Liberation Army

In the aftermath of the

Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931. It is considered part ...

in 1940, he followed the

Chongqing ChongqingPostal Romanization, Previously romanized as Chungking ();. is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China. Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the State Council of the People's Republi ...

, attended the establishment ceremony of the Liberation Army in September of that year, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the Liberation Army to carry out the anti-Japanese war. Afterwards, he approved the proposal to dispatch the liberation army to

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

. In 1942, the Joseon Volunteer Corps led by Kim Won-bong was incorporated into the 1st Zone of the Liberation Army, and Kim Won-bong became the deputy commander of the Liberation Army and the commander of the 1st Zone, but acted independently, and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Zones of the Liberation Army also worked independently, each expanding the power of their own faction. Because they focused only on the military, Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn was the nominal commander, but had difficulty leading them. In 1944, after he received a report from Chang Chun-ha, who had served in the Chinese army and then defected to the Liberation army, that Kim Won-bong was using a trick to encourage distrust of the

Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea The Korean Provisional Government (KPG), formally the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (), was a Korean government-in-exile based in Republic of China (1912–1949), China during Korea under Japanese rule, Japanese rule over K ...

and the Liberation Army among Koreans who had served in the Japanese army, he personally inspected the Liberation army. As the tyranny of some members of the Liberation Army continued, Kim Won-bong tried to take advantage of it. Distrust of the Provisional Government and the Liberation Army was exerted on units from the Japanese military. On October 7, 1945,

's Liberation army commander Li Ch'ŏngch'ŏn came to

, but the Japanese military units refused to inspect Commander Yi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn. Chang Chun-ha and others began discussing this issue by personally visiting a certain officer among them. Later, Jang Jun-ha said of him, 'Discussions began, but in reality, it was a conciliation operation. Chang Chun-ha and others reported Kim Won-bong's plan to Yi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn. On the other hand, he also informed the deserters from the Japanese army and gave them information on Hwang Mo and Lee So-min, the people in charge who acted as their agents, to discredit them. The persuasion was effective and Yi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn was inspected in person. In April 1946, the following year after Liberation in 1945, he returned to Korea as an individual and hoped to rebuild the Liberation Army, but was unable to do so due to opposition from the U.S. military government and founded the Daedong Youth Corps.

Return to homeland and after

After liberation

He returned to Korea through Gimpo Airport on April 22, 1946. On his return to Korea,

Syngman Rhee Syngman Rhee (; 26 March 1875 – 19 July 1965), also known by his art name Unam (), was a South Korean politician who served as the first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. Rhee was also the first and last president of the Provisiona ...

Franziska Donner Francesca Maria Barbara Donner (, born Franziska Donner; June 15, 1900March 19, 1992) was the inaugural First Lady of South Korea, from 1948 to 1960, as the second wife of Syngman Rhee, the first president of South Korea. Early life and educati ...

, and Lee Beom-seok personally came to meet him. When Chi returned to Korea,

recommended him to form a youth group. In September 1946, Chi integrated 26 youth organizations into the Daedong Youth Group. He expanded and reorganized the Daedong Youth Group, a right-wing youth group, and took office as its leader. When Chi returned to Korea, Syngman Rhee absorbed Jokcheong into the Daedong Youth Group centered around him. Afterwards, Chi served as the supreme member of the National Association for the Promotion of Independence and the president of the Korea-China Association. From January 1948, when the theory of government establishment became divided between the theory of inter-Korean negotiations and the establishment of an independent government, he supported the theory of establishing an independent government, resigned from the

and joined the National Association for the Promotion of Independence. In March 1948, during the conflict between the left and the right,

Kim Du-han Kim Du-han (; May 15, 1918 – November 21, 1972), also spelled Kim Doo-han, was a South Korean mobster, anti-communist activist, politician and the son of Kim Chwajin. His art name was Uisong (). Biography Early life Kim Du-han graduated fr ...

, who was sentenced to death by the US military government for violating the proclamation, Chi along with Lee Beom-seok petitioned

John Hodge John Hodge may refer to: *John R. Hodge (1893–1963), United States Army officer *John E. Hodge (1914–1996), American chemist *John Hodge (politician) (1855–1937), British politician *John Hodge (engineer) (1929–2021), British-born aerospace ...

for a commutation of the sentence, and launched a movement to save the life of Kim. In April 1948, he did not participate in the inter-Korean negotiations between

and

and left the

Korea Independence Party The Korea Independence Party (KIP; ) was a political party in South Korea. History The party was established in Shanghai by Kim Ku in 1928, uniting a faction of conservative members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea headed ...

with

Sin Ik-hui Sin Ik-hui (; 9 June 1894 – 5 May 1956) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was Speaker of the National Assembly during President Syngman Rhee's first term (4 August 1948 and 30 May 1950) and second term (19 June 1950 and ...

and others. In May, he ran for election in

Seongdong District Seongdong District () is one of the 25 List of districts of Seoul, districts which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. It is situated on the north bank of the Han River (Korea), Han River. It is divided into 20 ''dong'' (neighbourhoods). The ...

in the May 10 Constitutional Assembly election and was elected, and on June 1, he was appointed as a member of the Constitutional Basic Committee. From June 17, he was also elected as a member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Subcommittee of the Constituent National Assembly.

After establishment of the government

After the establishment of the government on August 15, he was appointed as the first State Council member and non-appointed minister. Afterwards, in 1949, he founded the

Korea Nationalist Party The Korea Nationalist Party (KNP; ) was a political party in South Korea. History The party was established towards the end of 1949 by a group of 71 MPs led by Yun Chi-young.Haruhiro Fukui (1985) ''Political parties of Asia and the Pacific'', Gr ...

, a pro-Rhee political party, with

Louise Yim Im Yeong-sin (; 20 November 1899 – 17 February 1977), also known by the English name Louise Yim, was a South Korean educator and politician. She was both the first female minister in South Korea, holding the post of Minister of Commerce and Ind ...

, and

Yun Chi-young Yun Chi-Young (; 10 February 1898 – 9 February 1996) was a Korean independence activist, journalist, and politician, diplomat of South Korea. He was the first Interior Minister (1948), 2nd Republic of Korea Ambassador to France from 1950 to ...

, and served as a member of the Supreme Council of the Korean National Party. He then left the party and moved to the Democratic National Party, where he served as a Supreme Council member of the Democratic Nationalist Party and a Supreme Council member of the Democratic National Party. On December 19, 1949, when the Korean Youth League was formed, he was appointed as the highest member of the Korean Youth League. He ran for the second National Assembly seat in 1950 and was elected. He fled from

during the

Korean War The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...

, but returned to Seoul after the armistice. He ran as a vice-presidential candidate in the second vice-presidential election on May 16, 1951,김용욱, 《한국정치론》 (오름, 2006) pg. 447 but was defeated. He received 2 votes in the first nomination, and 2 votes in the second nomination. Afterwards, he served as Chairman of the National Assembly Plenary Committee, Chairman of the National Assembly Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman of the National Defense Committee of the National Assembly. He joined the

Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. For example, while the political systems ...

and served as a floor leader of the LiberalParty and a member of the Central Committee of the Liberal Party's Central Party. Other social activities included serving as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Korean Red Cross, president of the Korean Soldiers' Bereaved Families Association, and supreme member of the Korean Anti-Communist Unification League.

Death and afterwards

He died suddenly at 6:30 pm on January 15, 1957, at his home in

Sindang-dong Sindang-dong () is a ''dong (neighbourhood), dong'' (neighbourhood) of Jung District, Seoul, South Korea. Name origin The name "Sin-dang-dong" came from an ancient village with a shrine for worshipping gods, which was connected to the place of w ...

. The funeral was held on January 21 at 10 am at the Central Office Concert Hall and the person was buried at the National Cemetery. In 1962, he was posthumously awarded the

Order of Merit for National Foundation The Order of Merit for National Foundation () is one of South Korea's orders of merit. It is awarded by the President of South Korea for "outstanding meritorious services in the interest of founding or laying a foundation for the Republic of Kor ...

. In 1995, a marker for the site of General Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn's house was installed at the site of the house in

Samcheong-dong Samcheong-dong () is a '' dong'' (neighbourhood) of Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. It lies north of Jongno and east of Gyeongbokgung. This hilly neighborhood is characterized by numerous small art galleries, shops, and restaurants. Visit ...

. On December 10, 2018, Chi Ch'ŏngch'ŏn's diary was designated as Korea's National Registered Cultural Heritage No. 737.

Education

*Graduated from Hansung (Seoul) Pai Chai Academy *Graduated from the Military Academy of the Korean Empire *Graduated from Army Central Youth School in Tokyo, Japan *Graduated from the

*Graduated from Japanese Army Infantry School *Bachelor of Public Administration, National Defense University, Republic of China

Electoral history

1948 South Korean Constituent Assembly election - Seongdong 1950 South Korean legislative election - Seongdong A

References

External links

Profile
ww2db.com; accessed 6 June 2017.
article from Merit Electronic Archives

article from This Month's Independence Activist (From Merit Electronic Archives)

article from Naver Encyclopedia

list of accomplishments from Republic of Korea Constitutional Council

Profile
ww2db.com; accessed 6 June 2017. {{DEFAULTSORT:Chi, Ch'ŏngch'ŏn 1888 births 1957 deaths Korean generals Military history of Korea Members of the National Assembly (South Korea) People from Jongno District Imperial Japanese Army officers Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation Ch'ŏngch'ŏn Imperial Korean Army Cadets Koreans in the Republic of China Military Academy Korean resistance members Korean Liberation Army personnel Koreans in the Imperial Japanese Army South Korean anti-communists

Biography

Early life

Birth and ancestry

Childhood

Entering the Military Academy

Marriage Anecdote

Anecdote about Name Change

Independence Activism

Independence Army

Korean Liberation Army

Return to homeland and after

After liberation

After establishment of the government

Death and afterwards

Education

Electoral history

See also

References

External links