Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois

Counter-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand, comte de Linois (27 January 1761 – 2 December 1848) was a French Navy officer and colonial administrator who served in the American Revolutionary War and French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He commanded the combined Franco-Spanish fleet during the Algeciras campaign in 1801, winning the First Battle of Algeciras before losing the Second Battle of Algeciras.Piat pp. 195–196

He then led an unsuccessful campaign against British trade in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea in 1803, being defeated by a harmless fleet of the British East India Company during the Battle of Pulo Aura and ending his cruise and sea-going career being bested in battle by John Borlase Warren in the action of 13 March 1806.

Following the Bourbon Restoration in France, Linois was appointed Governor of Guadeloupe. He supported Napoleon during the Hundred Days and so, on his return to France, he was forced to resign and was court martialled. Although acquitted, he was placed in retirement and never served again.

Biography

Born in Brest, Linois joined the French Navy as a volunteer in 1776, when he was 15 years old, serving aboard the ships ''Cesar'' and ''Protée'' in his home port.Humble p. 115 In August 1778, during the American War of Independence, he joined ''Bien-Aimé '', part of d'Orvilliers' fleet in the Caribbean where, after only eight months service, he was temporarily appointed, lieutenant de frégate pour le campagne. He served aboard the newly built ''Scipion'' from May 1779 to January 1781, when his two-year probationary period expired and he was confirmed, ensigne de vaisseau. Between October 1782 and April 1783, Linois served aboard ''Diadème'', his last appointment of the war.

Service in the Indian Ocean

In March 1784, Linois joined the storeship ''Barbeau'', carrying supplies and despatches to the Isle de France (now Mauritius). He left ''Barbeau'' in January 1785 and in March sailed for the Caribbean on the 64-gun ''Réfléchi'' where he remained for the next two years. Arriving at Saint-Domingue on 23 April, Linois spent eight months on the frigate, ''Danaé '' before rejoining ''Réfléchi''. In May 1786, he took a land-based post as sous-lieutenant de port at Port-au-Prince, returning to sea aboard the frigate, ''Proserpine'' in December 1786. This was a short-lived appointment; on 1 March 1787, Linois left for home on the same storeship that had conveyed him to the Isle de France two years earlier.Humble p. 116

Another position ashore, as lieutenant de port at Brest, ended a period of unemployment that had lasted until 1 May 1789 and was followed, on 12 October 1790, by a posting to the ship-of-the-line, ''Victoire''. From 1791 to 1793 he served with the French forces in the Indian Ocean. He left for Isle de France on 25 January on board the 32-gun frigate ''Atalante'' as second officer to Denis Decres. On 15 May, the newly published naval list named Linois as lieutenant de vaisseau with his promotion backdated to 1 May 1789. On their return home in April 1794, Decres was arrested as an aristocrat and Linois was given command of ''Atalante''.

The Brest Fleet

While acting as a decoy for an important convoy of wheat from the United States, Linois was captured by the Royal Navy at the action of 7 May 1794.Humble pp. 116-117 On 5 May, ''Atalante'', in company with the corvette ''Levrette'', encountered a British convoy three days out from Cork. The convoy was under the protection of two ships of the line, the 74 and the 64-gun , which immediately hoisted their colours and opened fire. Linois realising he was outgunned, as senior officer, ordered his ships to divide and effect an escape. ''Levrette;'' managed to evade her pursuer, ''St Albans'' during the night but ''Atalante'' was unable to shake off ''Swiftsure'' which continued her chase throughout the following day. By 0325 on 7 May, ''Atalante'' had been overhauled and so badly damaged during the two-day running battle, Linois was forced to surrender. He and his crew were taken prisoner and ''Atalante'' was eventually taken into the Royal Navy as HMS ''Espion''

Linois was exchanged and returned home in March 1795.Humble p. 117 He was promoted to capitaine de vaisseau in May, backdated to January 1794, taking command of the 74-gun ''Formidable'' of the Brest Fleet.Humble p. 117 The following year, in June, he was captured again at the battle of Groix, when his ship was one of the three rearmost in Villaret's withdrawing squadron. He was twice wounded in the battle and lost the sight of an eye. He was quickly exchanged and returned in August. In 1796 he took part in the Expédition d'Irlande as a chief of division, leading a 3-ship of the line and 4-frigate squadron, with his flag on ''Nestor''. On arrival in Bantry Bay, the generals opposed a landing, and the squadron headed back to Brest. Linois moved his flag to the 74-gun ''Jean-Jacque Rousseau'' on 22 April 1798 and in the following February, took up the position of Chief of Staff at Brest.

Admiral

In 1799 Linois was promoted to counter admiral and sent to the Mediterranean under Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix. He joined the 120-gun flagship, ''Océan'', in which he took part in the '' Croisière de Bruix''. On 8 August, the expedition returned to Brest where Linois continued as Chief of Staff until 28 October 1800, when he was posted to Toulon as second in command to Admiral Ganteaume.

Linois did not join Ganteaume in the unsuccessful attempt to bolster the French forces in Egypt but instead commanded the remainder of the Toulon fleet at the Siege of Porto Ferrajo and orchestrated the attack on Elba in May 1801. In June, with Ganteaume still on manoeuvres, Linois was ordered to assemble a new combined French and Spanish naval force at Cadiz.Humble p. 118 Aboard ''Formidable'' and in company with ''Desaix'', ''Indomptable'' and ''Muiron'', he set sail on 13 June, passing Gibraltar on 3 July and capturing the British brig . After hearing from ''Speedy's'' captain, Thomas Lord Cochrane, that a powerful squadron under Sir James Saumarez was blockading Cadiz, Linois sought shelter beneath the Spanish guns of Algeciras. In addition to these land batteries, by the time Saumerez arrived with six ships-of-the-line, either end of the French line had been reinforced with Spanish gunboats. Linois' squadron was thus able to prevail during the first part of the Battle of Algeciras, aided by a lack of wind which prevented Saumarez' force arriving as one and left the British ships drifting helplessly. HMS ''Hannibal'' ran aground and was captured.Humble p. 119

Both sides were still effecting repairs when, on 9 July, the French were joined by five Spanish ships-of-the-line from Cadiz. This combined fleet left for Cadiz at dawn on 12 July and Saumarez, who had been reinforced by , followed, intending to harass the Franco-Spanish fleet once it had moved out of range of the shore guns. ''Hannibal'' caused problems and at 19:45, ''Indienne'' was ordered to tow her back to Algeciras. The Spanish commander then turned the fleet towards Cadiz, heading into the Gut of Gibraltar. The British followed and at 20:40, Saumerez ordered independent action.Humble p. 120

''Superb'' was first into the action, engaging ''Real Carlos''. Some of the shot was high and passed through her rigging, hitting the ship to her larboard, ''San Hermenegildo''. Thinking the shot came from ''Real Carlos'' and that she was an enemy, ''San Hermenegildo'' fired into her. In about ten minutes the ''Real Carlos'' was on fire. When ''San Hermenegildo'' crossed her stern to deliver a raking fire, a sudden gust of wind brought them together and the fire spread through both ships, which subsequently blew up. In the meantime, ''Superb'' had moved on and forced the surrender of ''San Antonio''. An independently sailing, Spanish frigate was also sunk during the battle but the remaining French and Spanish ships escaped into Cadiz the following morning. Linois was commended for his part in the battle and the previous one on 6 July, and received the ' Sabre of Honour' from Napoleon. He and his combined fleet however, were blockaded in Cadiz until peace negotiations began with Britain in October.Humble p. 121

Early in 1802, Linois participated in an expedition to Saint-Domingue to depose the governor, Toussaint Louverture and reassert French control there. Louverture was a former slave who was suspected of trying to gain independence for the colony. In January Linois took command of a squadron of troopships, comprising three ships-of-the-line and three frigates, and sailed out to reinforce the 20,000 troops already there. The campaign was ultimately unsuccessful and Linois returned to France on 31 May.

Napoleonic wars

In 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte appointed him to command the French forces in the Indian Ocean and to convey the new Captain-General of French India, Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen to Pondicherry. Flying his flag aboard the 74-gun-ship ''Marengo'', Linois left Brest on 6 March with only three frigates in company; much of the French fleet still being occupied at Saint-Domingue. On arrival however, the British forces there, under Arthur Wellesley, refused to leave and Linois was obliged to detour to the Ile-de-France.Humble p. 121

Linois received news that the war had resumed when he was joined by the 22-gun corvette, ''Berceau'' in September. Leaving half the troops to defend the Ile de France, Linois left with the remainder and his squadron for Batavia on 8 October; raiding a British trading station on Sumatra on the way, capturing eight merchant vessels, destroying three others and setting light to three stocked warehouses. Arriving at Batavia on 10 December, Linois was appraised of a British convoy returning from China. After dropping off the soldiers and adding the 16 gun brig-corvette, ''Adventurier'', to his force, set sail on 28 December.Humble p. 122

The Battle of Pulo Aura occurred on 14 February 1804 when Linois' squadron encountered the British China Fleet. Although lightly armed, the British merchant ships outnumbered Linois' forces and manoeuvred as though preparing to defend themselves. Some of the larger indiamen, with gun ports painted on and flying naval ensigns, formed a mock line of battle. With these tactics, the convoy commodore, Nathaniel Dance, fooled Linois into believing that the British fleet was defended by naval escorts and the French retired without attacking the virtually defenceless British.

In June, Linois embarked on a second cruise, this time minus the 40-gun Belle Poule, which was despatched on a separate mission. Setting out in ''Marengo'' with the 44-gun ''Atalante'' and ''Semillante'', Linois first scoured the channel between Mozambique and Madagascar, before crossing the Indian Ocean to patrol the waters around Ceylon. After taking some lucrative prizes, Linois headed up the Coromandel Coast to Vizagapatam, having heard about a British convoy heading there. The French squadron arrived on 15 September to find two British east indiamen loading in the roadstead, under the protection of the 50-gun and 3 guns on the shore. Linois was cautious and, after ''Atalante'' had been chased off, decided to engage ''Centurion'' from distance. The damage inflicted by both ships therefore was superficial but while ''Centurion'' was occupied, ''Semilante'' was able to capture one of the indiaman and drive the other onto the shore. On the return journey, Linois' ships took another prize, and arrived at Ile de France on 1 November, to find ''Belle Poule'' with a capture of her own.Humble p. 123

In May 1805, while ''Atalante'' and ''Semilante'' were attending to other duties, Linois took ''Marengo'' and ''Belle Poule'' into the South Atlantic. This cruise was not productive and, after visiting Cape Town, the squadron patrolled the east coast of Africa and the Red Sea. This also proved fruitless and it was not until 11 July, following a decision to search the sea lanes between Cape Town and Ceylon that any enemy vessels were encountered. It was off the coast of Ceylon they fell in with two unprotected merchant ships, one of which was driven onto the shore and the other, the east indiaman ''Brunswick'', captured. With ''Brunswick'' under a prize crew, the squadron sailed for the Cape of Good Hope and at 16:00 on 6 August it encountered a convoy of ten east indiamen, accompanied by the 90-gun . Linois sent ''Brunswick'' to Ile de France and, with his remaining ships, fell down on the rear of the convoy. Unable to scatter the convoy and pick off prizes piecemeal, ''Marengo'' and ''Belle Poule'' sailed along its flank, engaging ''Blenheim'' for 30 minutes, on the way. By the time ''Belle Poule'' and ''Marengo'' had completed their pass at 18:00, they both required repairs; the former had received two holes in the hull and the latter, damage to the mainmast and foreyard. During the hours of darkness, the two French ships crossed the bows of the convoy and in the morning, occupied the weather gage. Two further attacks were made during the day but the French were unable to make an impression and with ammunition supplies dwindling, Linois gave the order to withdraw.

Having spent 17 weeks at sea, on 13 September, Linois' ships entered Simon's Bay for some much needed repairs. During the eight week stay, they were briefly reunited with ''Atalante'' which, shortly after arrival, foundered. The crew was saved but the ship could not be. On 11 November, ''Marengo'' and ''Belle Poule'' left on a cruise of the west coast of Africa, travelling as far as Cape Lopez, Gabon, but only managing to secure a ship and a brig.Humble p. 124 With only two ships at his disposal, Linois' options had dwindled to chasing lone ships and unarmed convoys. Realising his best chance of catching them was to scout around choke points, in December, his small squadron sailed for the popular British stop over of St Helena. On 29 January 1806, Linois learned from an American ship of the British capture of Cape Town. With the last accessible port closed, Linois could only turn around and head for home.

On the return journey to France, ''Marengo'' and ''Belle Poule'' encountered a large British squadron under Admiral Warren off Cape Verde.Clowes (Vol. V) pp. 373-374 In the action of 13 March 1806, the 90-gun HMS ''London'', the 80-gun HMS ''Foudroyant'' and the 38-gun frigate HMS ''Amazon'', were sailing some miles ahead of their compatriots when, at 03:00, Linois' ships were spotted. The three British ships immediately gave chase and by 05:30, ''London'' had overhauled and begun an exchange with both French ships. By 06:00 Linois realised that he was unable to win the battle and attempted to move off, issuing orders for ''Belle Poule'' to do likewise.Woodman p. 29

Both ''Marengo'' and ''Belle Poule'' had been severely battered in the rigging and were finding it increasingly difficult to manoeuvre. ''Marengo'' could not avoid ''London's'' continuing fire or the cannonade from ''Amazon'' as she passed in pursuit of ''Belle Poule''.Woodman p. 29 ''London'' too had been heavily damaged and was beginning to drift astern but the appearance of ''Foudroyant'', and HMS ''Repulse'' at 10:25 and HMS ''Ramillies'' at 11:00, left the French ships with no option but to surrender.Clowes (Vol. V) p. 374

Linois had been wounded and was captured again. Napoleon had ended the practice of exchanging officers and Linois remained a prisoner of war until Napoleon fell in 1814. In 1810, while held by the British, Linois was named Comte de Linois by Napoleon.

After the Bourbon restoration, Louis XVIII named him to be Governor of Guadeloupe. During the Hundred Days, Linois finally declared for Napoleon, but news of the emperor's return did not reach the West Indies until the day after the Battle of Waterloo. He surrendered to British forces on 10 August. On his return to France, Linois was forced to resign. He was court martialled but acquitted on 11 March 1816. However, he was placed in retirement and never served again although he was appointed as an honorary Vice-Admiral in May 1825 and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in March 1831. He lived in Versailles, where he died in 1848. His name is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe.Humble pp. 124-125

In fiction

Linois is a minor, but highly respected, character in the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian. Frederick Marryat describes the Battle of Pulo Aura in his 1832 novel '' Newton Forster''.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Linois, Charles-Alexandre Leon Durand
1761 births
1848 deaths
French Navy officers from Brest, France
French Navy admirals
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
French prisoners of war in the Napoleonic Wars
Burials at the Cemetery of Saint-Louis, Versailles
French prisoners of war in the 18th century
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe