Cesare Cremonini (; 22 December 1550 – 19 July 1631), sometimes Cesare Cremonino, was an

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...

academic An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

and professor of

natural philosophy Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin ''philosophia naturalis'') is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe, while ignoring any supernatural influence. It was dominant before the develop ...

. His

Latinized name Latinisation (or Latinization) of names, also known as onomastic Latinisation (or onomastic Latinization), is the practice of rendering a ''non''-Latin name in a modern Latin style. It is commonly found with historical proper names, including p ...

was Cæsar Cremoninus or Cæsar Cremonius. Considered one of the greatest

philosophers Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on ...

in his time, patronized by

Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara Alfonso II d'Este (22 November 1533 – 27 October 1597) was Duke of Ferrara from 1559 to 1597. He was a member of the House of Este. Biography Alfonso was the elder son of Ercole II d'Este and Renée de France, the daughter of Louis XII of Fr ...

, corresponding with kings and princes who had his portrait, paid twice the salary of

Galileo Galilei Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei ( , , ) or mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a poly ...

, he is now more remembered as an infamous side actor of the

Galileo affair The Galileo affair was an early 17th century political, religious, and scientific controversy regarding the astronomer Galileo Galilei's defence of heliocentrism, the idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun. It pitted supporters and opponent ...

, being one of the two scholars who refused to look through Galileo's

telescope A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), absorption, or Reflection (physics), reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using len ...

Biography

Cesare Cremonini was born in

Cento Cento (; Bolognese dialect, Northern Bolognese: ; Bolognese dialect, City Bolognese: ; Bolognese dialect, Centese: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. History The name Cento is a reference to the centur ...

in the then

Papal States The Papal States ( ; ; ), officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th c ...

. He was a professor of

for about 60 years: * From 1573 to 1590, at the

University of Ferrara The University of Ferrara () is the main university of the city of Ferrara in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. In the years prior to the First World War the University of Ferrara, with more than 500 students, was the best attended of ...

. Starting at a very young age and considered a great talent, he obtained the patronage of

(to whom he would dedicate his first major book in 1596). The jealousies caused by this protection helped him to eventually accept a position outside his native province. * From 1591 until his death, at the

University of Padua The University of Padua (, UNIPD) is an Italian public research university in Padua, Italy. It was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from the University of Bologna, who previously settled in Vicenza; thus, it is the second-oldest ...

Padua Padua ( ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua. The city lies on the banks of the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice and southeast of Vicenza, and has a population of 20 ...

, then under

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 ...

rule (succeeding to Jacopo Zabarella), in a chair of natural philosophy and a chair of medicine. He taught the doctrines of

Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...

, especially as interpreted by

Alexander of Aphrodisias Alexander of Aphrodisias (; AD) was a Peripatetic school, Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek Commentaries on Aristotle, commentators on the writings of Aristotle. He was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria and liv ...

and

Averroes Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), archaically Latinization of names, Latinized as Averroes, was an Arab Muslim polymath and Faqīh, jurist from Al-Andalus who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astron ...

. He was so popular in his time that most kings and princes had his portrait and corresponded with him, sometimes consulting him about private and public affairs. At Padua, his salary was twice that of Galileo. He was especially popular among the French intellectuals who called him "le Cremonin" (the Cremonin); even a remote writer such as Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac mentioned him as "le grand Cremonin" (the great Cremonin) in his ''Lettres''.

Metaphysical views

Following up on the controversy opened in 1516 by Pietro Pomponazzi and continued by Jacopo Zabarella (his predecessors in the chair), Cremonini too taught that reason alone cannot demonstrate the immortality of the soul – his absolute adherence to Aristotle implying that he believed in the mortality of the soul. After a paper he wrote about the Jesuits, and public statements he made in favor of laic teachers, the

Jesuits The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

in Venice accused him of

materialism Materialism is a form of monism, philosophical monism according to which matter is the fundamental Substance theory, substance in nature, and all things, including mind, mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions. Acco ...

, then relayed their grievances to Rome. He was prosecuted in 1604 by the

Inquisition The Inquisition was a Catholic Inquisitorial system#History, judicial procedure where the Ecclesiastical court, ecclesiastical judges could initiate, investigate and try cases in their jurisdiction. Popularly it became the name for various med ...

for

atheism Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the Existence of God, existence of Deity, deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the ...

and the Averroist heresy of " double truth", and ordered to refute his claims: as was his manner, Cremonini gently refused to retract himself, sheltering himself behind Aristotle's authority. Because Padua was then under tolerant Venetian rule, he was kept out of reach of a full trial. As for the accusations, and beyond Cremonini's teachings: indeed his personal motto was "Intus ut libet, foris ut moris est" (Latin for "In private think what you wish, in public behave as is the custom"), which was taken by humanists as meaning that a scientific thinker could hold one set of opinions as a philosopher, and another set as a

Christian A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the wo ...

; it was also adopted by European Libertines (brought back to France by his student and confidant Gabriel Naudé). After his death, Cremonini had his tombstone engraved with "Cæsar Cremoninus hic totus jacet" (Latin for "Here lies all of Cremonini"), implying that no soul survived. His student Naudé (who had been his confidant for three months) qualified most of his Italian teachers as "Atheists" and especially Cremonini as a "déniaisé" ("one who has been wised up, unfoolish, devirginized", the Libertines' word for unbelievers); he added to his friends, translated, "The Cremonin, Professor of Philosophy in Padua, confessed to a few choice Friends of his that he believed neither in God, nor in

Devil A devil is the mythical personification of evil as it is conceived in various cultures and religious traditions. It is seen as the objectification of a hostile and destructive force. Jeffrey Burton Russell states that the different conce ...

, nor in the immortality of the

soul The soul is the purported Mind–body dualism, immaterial aspect or essence of a Outline of life forms, living being. It is typically believed to be Immortality, immortal and to exist apart from the material world. The three main theories that ...

: yet he was careful that his manservant was a good

Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...

, for fear he said, should he believe in nothing, that he may one morning cut my throat in my bed". Later,

Pierre Bayle Pierre Bayle (; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer. He is best known for his '' Historical and Critical Dictionary'', whose publication began in 1697. Many of the more controversial ideas ...

pointed out that Cremonini did not believe in the immortality of the soul (in the "Crémonin" article of his '' Historical and Critical Dictionary'').

Gottfried Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (or Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who is credited, alongside Isaac Newton, Sir Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in ad ...

, in his 1710 ''Theodicy'', dealing with the Averroists, who "declared that man's soul is, according to philosophy, mortal, while they protested their acquiescence in Christian theology, which declares the soul's immortality", says "that very sect of the Averroists survived as a school. It is thought that Caesar Cremoninus, a philosopher famous in his time, was one of its mainstays". Pierre Larousse, in his opinionated '' Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle'', stated Cremonini was not a Christian.

Cremonini and Galileo

At Padua Cremonini was both a rival and a friend of his colleague Galileo. When Galileo announced that he had discovered mountains on the Moon in 1610, he offered Cremonini the chance to observe the evidence through a telescope. Cremonini refused even to look through the telescope and insisted that Aristotle had definitely proved the Moon could only be a perfect sphere. When Galileo decided to move to Tuscany that year, Cremonini warned him that it would bring him under the Inquisition's jurisdiction. Indeed, the next year the Inquisition reviewed Cremonini's case for evidence against Galileo. Years later, in his book ''

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'' (''Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo'') is a 1632 book by Galileo Galilei comparing Nicolaus Copernicus's Copernican heliocentrism, heliocentric system model with Ptolemy's geocen ...

'', Galileo would include the character Simplicio - the name was not casually chosen - a dogmatic Aristotelian philosopher who was partly based on Cremonini.

Death and legacy

When Cremonini died in 1631 during the Paduan outbreak of the Italian Plague of 1629-1631, more than 400 students were working with him. His previous students included, alphabetically: * Theophilos Corydalleus, graduated 1613, a Greek philosopher, had some influence in the Greek-speaking world during the 17th and 18th centuries, founded Corydalism *

William Harvey William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who made influential contributions to anatomy and physiology. He was the first known physician to describe completely, and in detail, pulmonary and systemic circulation ...

, graduated 1602, an English doctor who was the first to correctly describe the circulation of the blood * Joachim Jung, graduated 1619, a German mathematician and naturalist popularized by

John Ray John Ray Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (November 29, 1627 – January 17, 1705) was a Christian England, English Natural history, naturalist widely regarded as one of the earliest of the English parson-naturalists. Until 1670, he wrote his ...

* Ioannis Kottounios, an eminent Greek scholar and his successor to the chair of philosophy at Padua *

Justus Lipsius Justus Lipsius (Joest Lips or Joost Lips; October 18, 1547 – March 23, 1606) was a Flemish Catholic philologist, philosopher, and humanist. Lipsius wrote a series of works designed to revive ancient Stoicism in a form that would be compatibl ...

, a philosopher of the

Spanish Netherlands The Spanish Netherlands (; ; ; ) (historically in Spanish: , the name "Flanders" was used as a '' pars pro toto'') was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714. They were a collection of States of t ...

* Gabriel Naudé, in 1625–27, a French scholar and

Cardinal Mazarin Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Lou ...

's librarian * Guy Patin, a French doctor, headmaster of the School of Medicine in Paris * Antonio Rocco, an Italian philosophy teacher and libertine writer * Corfitz Ulfeldt, in 1628–29, a famous Danish statesman and traitor * Flemming Ulfeldt, also in 1628–29, a Danish statesman and military leader, younger brother of Corfitz He was buried in the

Benedictine The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (, abbreviated as O.S.B. or OSB), are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. Initiated in 529, th ...

monastery A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of Monasticism, monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in Cenobitic monasticism, communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a ...

of St.

Justina of Padua Justina of Padua (; ) is a Christian saint and a patroness of the city of Padua. Her feast day is October 7. She was devoted to religion from her earliest years and took the vow of perpetual virginity. When she was brought before Maximian the pr ...

(to which he also willed his possessions). His name has been given to several streets ("via Cesare Cremonini" in Cento, "via Cesare Cremonino" in Padua) and an institute ("Istituto Magistrale Cesare Cremonini" in Cento).

Bibliography

Concise bibliography

Below are his main books (many of them including separate treatises), listing only their most usual abridged titles: * 1596: ''Explanatio proœmii librorum Aristotelis De physico auditu'' * 1605: ''De formis elementorum'' * 1611: ''De Anima'' (student transcript of a Cremonini lecture) * 1613: ''Disputatio de cœlo'' * 1616: ''De quinta cœli substantia'' (second series of ''De cœlo'') * 1626: ''De calido innato'' (reprinted in 1634) * 1627: ''De origine et principatu membrorum'' * 163?: ''De semine'' (printed or reprinted in 1634) *: --- ''Posthumous:'' * 1634: ''De calido innato et semine'' (expanding 1626 with 163?) * 1644: ''De sensibus et facultate appetitiva'' * 1663: ''Dialectica'' (Not included are poems and other personal texts.)

Extended bibliography

Below are his main books (with usual short titles, original full titles, and indication of some variants or misspellings commonly found in literature). As was the practice of the time, many of them are made of opuscules, separate treatises grouped in a single binding. (Please note that Latin title spelling can vary depending on their grammatical position in a sentence, such as a "tractatus" becoming a "tractatum" in the

accusative case In grammar, the accusative case ( abbreviated ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb. In the English language, the only words that occur in the accusative case are pronouns: "me", "him", "he ...

when inside a longer title.) * 1596: ''Explanatio proœmii librorum Aristotelis De physico auditu'' +20+22+43+1 folios(Explanatio proœmii librorum Aristotelis De physico auditu cum introductione ad naturalem Aristotelis philosophiam, continente tractatum de pædia, descriptionemque universæ naturalis Aristoteliæ philosophiæ, quibus adjuncta est præfatio in libros De physico auditu. Ad serenissimum principem Alphonsum II Estensem Ferrariæ ducem augustissimum) also ("Explanatio proœmii librorum Aristotelis De physico auditu, et in eosdem Præfatio, una cum Tractatu de Pædia, seu, Introductione ad philosophiam naturalem Aristotelis.") (ed. Melchiorre Novello as "Melchiorem Novellum") – Padua: Novellum ** "Tractatus de pædia" alias "De pædia Aristotelis" or sometimes "De pœdia Aristotelis" (also as "Descriptio universæ naturalis Aristoteliæ philosophiæ", or erroneously "Diatyposis universæ naturalis aristotelicæ philosophiæ") ** "Introductio ad naturalem Aristotelis philosophiam" (sometimes "Introductio ad naturalem Aristotelis philosophiam") ** "Explanatio proœmii librorum Aristotelis De physico auditu" (sometimes "Explanatio proœmii librorum De physico auditu") * 1605: ''De formis elementorum'' (Disputatio De formis quatuor corporum simplicium quæ vocantur elementa) – Venice * 1611: ''De Anima'' (De Anima lectiones 31, opiniones antiquorum de anima lect. 17) – student transcript of a Cremonini lecture * 1613: ''Disputatio de cœlo'' (Disputatio de cœlo : in tres partes divisa, de natura cœli, de motu cœli, de motoribus cœli abstractis. Adjecta est Apologia dictorum Aristotelis, de via lactea, et de facie in orbe lunæ) – Venice: Thomam Balionum ** "De cœlo" *** "De natura cœli" *** "De motu cœli" *** "De motoribus cœli abstractis" ** "De via lactea" ** "De facie in orbe lunæ" * 1616: ''De quinta cœli substantia'' (Apologia dictorum Aristotelis, de quinta cœli substantia adversus Xenarcum, Joannem Grammaticum, et alios) – Venice: Meiettum (second series of ''De cœlo'') * 1626: ''De calido innato'' (Apologia dictorum Aristotelis De calido innato adversus Galenum) – Venice: Deuchiniana (reprinted in 1634) * 1627: ''De origine et principatu membrorum'' (Apologia dictorum Aristotelis De origine et Principatu membrorum adversus Galenum) – Venice: Hieronymum Piutum ** "De origine" ** "De principatu membrorum" * 163?: ''De semine'' (Expositio in digressionem Averrhois de semine contra Galenum pro Aristotele)According to Léopold Mabilleau, page 70 and note page 76 (reused identically in J.-Roger Charbonnel) who conflates the ''Digressionem'' paper and the text added to the 1634 reprint. Mabilleau says "1624" but it looks like a typo for the 1634 edition. – (printed or reprinted in 1634) *: --- ''Posthumous:'' * 1634: ''De calido innato et semine'' (Tractatus de calido innato, et semine, pro Aristotele adversus Galenum) – Leiden: Elzevir (Lugduni-Batavorum) (expanding 1626 with 163?) ** "De calido innato" ** "De semine" (Apologia dictorum Aristotelis De Semine) * 1644: ''De sensibus et facultate appetitiva'' (Tractatus tres : primus est de sensibus externis, secundus de sensibus internis, tertius de facultate appetitiva. Opuscula haec revidit Troylus Lancetta auctoris discipulus, et adnotatiotes confecit in margine) also (Tractatus III : de sensibus externis, de sensibus internis, de facultate appetitiva) (ed. Troilo Lancetta, as "Troilus Lancetta" or "Troilo de Lancettis"), Venice: Guerilios ** "De sensibus externis" ** "De sensibus internis" ** "De facultate appetitiva" * 1663: ''Dialectica'' (Dialectica, Logica sive dialectica) (ed. Troilo Lancetta, as "Troilus Lancetta" or "Troilo de Lancettis") (sometimes "Dialecticum opus posthumum") – Venice: Guerilios (Poems and other personal texts not included here.)

References

Sources

; Dictionaries and encyclopedias *

"Crémonin, César"
In: '' Dictionnaire historique et critique'', vol. 5, 1820, pp. 320–323 *

John Gorton Sir John Grey Gorton (9 September 1911 – 19 May 2002) was an Australian politician, farmer and airman who served as the 19th Prime Minister of Australia, prime minister of Australia from 1968 to 1971. He held office as the leader of the leade ...

: ''A General Biographical Dictionary'', London: Henry G. Bohn, 1828, new edition 1851, page 146
article "Cremonini, Cæsar" online
* Adolphe Franck: ''Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques'', volume 1, Paris: Hachette, 1844, pp. 598–599
article "Crémonini, César" (in French) online
* Ferdinand Hoefer : ''Nouvelle biographie générale'', volume XII, Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1855, second edition 1857, pp. 416–419
article "Cremonini, César" (in French) online
* Pierre Larousse: '' Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle'', volume 5, Paris: 1869, page 489
article "Crémonini, César" (in French) online
(PDF or TIFF plugin required) * Marie-Nicolas Bouillet, Alexis Chassang (ed.): ''Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie'', 26th edition, Paris: Hachette, 1878, page 474
article "Cremonini, César" (in French) online
(PDF or TIFF plugin required) * Werner Ziegenfuss: ''Philosophen-lexikon: Handwörterbuch der Philosophie nach Personen'', Walter de Gruyter, 1950, , page 208, article "Cremoninus, Caesar (Cesare Cremonini)" * Various: ''Encyclopædia Universalis'', CD-ROM edition: 1996, article "Cremonini, C." (in French) * Herbert Jaumann: ''Handbuch Gelehrtenkultur der Frühen Neuzeit'', Walter de Gruyter, 2004, , page 203, article "Cremonini, Cesare" * Filosofico.net: ''Indice alfabetico dei filosofi''

: picture and profile * Philosophy Institute at the

University of Düsseldorf A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Univ ...

: ''Philosophengalerie''
article "Caesar Cremoninus (Cesare Cremonini)" (in German) online
: another picture, bibliography, literature ; Philosophy * Léopold Mabilleau: ''Étude historique sur la philosophie de la Renaissance en Italie'', Paris: Hachette, 1881 * J.-Roger Charbonnel: ''La pensée italienne au XVIe siècle et le courant libertin'', Paris: Champion, 1919 * David Wootton: "Unbelief in Early Modern Europe", '' History Workshop Journal'', No. 20, 1985, pages 83–101 : Averroes, Pomponazzi, Cremonini ; Cremonini and Galileo * Evan R. Soulé, Jr.: "The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman", ''

Discover Magazine ''Discover'' is an American general audience science magazine launched in October 1980 by Time Inc. It is currently owned by LabX Media Group. History Founding ''Discover'' was created primarily through the efforts of ''Time'' magazine e ...

'', May 1987
online version
: telescope incident account * Thomas Lessl: "The Galileo Legend", ''New Oxford Review'', June 2000, pp. 27–33

: telescope incident note * Paul Newall: "The Galileo Affair", 2005
online at Galilean-Library.org
: telescope incident note (with typo "Cremoni") * W.R. Laird: "Venetischer Aristotelismus im Ende der aristotelischen Welt: Aspekte der Welt und des Denkens des Cesare Cremonini (1550–1631)(Review)" in Renaissance Quarterly, 1999, onlin
excerpt at Amazon.com
o
excerpt at FindArticles.com
* Stephen Mason: "Galileo's Scientific Discoveries, Cosmological Confrontations, and the Aftermath", in ''

History of Science The history of science covers the development of science from ancient history, ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural science, natural, social science, social, and formal science, formal. Pr ...

'', volume 40, December 2002, pp. 382–383 (article pp. 6–7)
PDF version online
: salary, advices to Galileo * Galileo Galilei, Andrea Frova, Mariapiera Marenzana: ''Thus Spoke Galileo'',

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books ...

, 2006 (translated from a 1998 book), , page 9 : Inquisition

External links

Cesare Cremonino site
(in Italian) including detailed biography, bibliography, literature.

(in Italian) 1999 conference about "the masks of Cremonini: Blind Man, Libertine Atheist, Rational Rigorist, and more" ; Texts of Cremonini * *
Cæsar Cremoninus – ''Disputatio de cœlo'' (1613)
online scans (

JavaScript JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Ninety-nine percent of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior. Web browsers have ...

required)
Free books by Cremonini
(

Google Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical charac ...

) {{DEFAULTSORT:Cremonini, Cesare 1550 births 1631 deaths 16th-century Italian male writers 16th-century Italian philosophers 17th-century deaths from plague (disease) 17th-century Italian male writers 17th-century Italian philosophers Academic staff of the University of Padua Aristotelian philosophers Emigrants from the Papal States Galileo affair Immigrants to the Republic of Venice Italian Renaissance humanists Latin commentators on Aristotle Natural philosophers People from Cento Rationalists Scholars from the Papal States Scholastic philosophers