Catholic and Royal Army

The Catholic and Royal Armies () is the name given to the royalist armies in western France composed of insurgents during the war in the Vendée and the Chouannerie, who opposed the French Revolution.

Catholic and Royal Army of Vendée

The Catholic and Royal Army of Vendée was composed of the three Vendéen armies although that of lower Poitou joined only occasionally.

During the year 1793, the Vendéen army was distinguished into sub-armies: The ''army of Charette'' in the Marais breton, the Catholic and Royal Army of Anjou and Haut-Poitou, and that of ''Bas-Poitou and Retz country'', south of the Loire. The Chouans of the north of the Loire who joined the Vendéens during the Virée de Galerne were named ''Catholic and Royal Army of Bas-Anjou and of Haute-Bretagne''.

In reality, those armies were simply groups of fluctuating insurgents led by a chief who had authority over people following his beliefs. The only units with a quasi-permanent existence and organization are the "compagnies de paroisse" which grouped together members of the rural community who elected their captains. Although two-thirds of the insurgents were peasants, they only represented half of the men in these units, the rest being artisans and shopkeepers.

The flaws of this army were its few health services and its lack of permanent fighters, even considering their reinforcements of republican deserters, '' gabelous'', Germans or Swiss. Their weaponry and provisions were also poor. The cavalry was only composed of noble chiefs, a few game wardens and peasants mounted on farm horses. The artillery was composed only of old culverin taken from castles and a few cannons taken from the republicans, making it impossible for the Catholic and Royal Army to oppose a strong Republican army on open field, or to break the fortifications of a town like at Granville.

After the Battle of Savenay, the army was reconstructed on paper but its actual existence was insignificant; the insurrection became a chouannerie.

Peasant soldiers

The royalist insurgents who take the name of Vendéens, and that the Republicans named ''Brigands'', originated from four departments, southern Maine-et-Loire, northern Vendée, et southern Loire-Atlantique in the provinces of Poitou, Anjou and Brittany. The insurgent territory took the name of ''military Vendée''.

The great majority of Vendéen insurgents were peasants, armed with scythes if they did not have rifles, but there were also a great number of artisans, especially in the Mauges region of Anjou.

The mobilisation in the insurgent territories was massive. In Chemillé, the age of the insurgents varied from 11 to 67 years old. The typical age was 25 to 30 years old.

A few women also fought among the Vendéens; the most famous one was Renée Bordereau. The ''army of Charette'' was known to have a few amazons in its ranks, including Céleste Bulkeley.

It was only during the Virée de Galerne that the officers started adopting signs to distinguish themselves from the troops. The generals and officers of the counsel took white scarves worn at the belt with knots of different colors. La Rochejaquelein and Donnissan wore a black knot, Stofflet a red one, and Marigny a blue one. Officers of a lower rank started wearing a white scarf attached to their left arm.

Priests who opposed the revolution did not have a direct role in the war; a few held a seat in the royalist counsels and mainly took care of correspondences. For a priest to serve as an officer or to physically participate in combat was generally not well considered by Vendéens.

Regular army

A few regular troops were formed in the army of Vendée, where they served as elite troops. Charles de Bonchamps organized infantry and cavalry units whom he equipped with his own means. These troops were even given uniforms, grey for the infantry, green for the cavalry.

Nonetheless, the Vendéens did not like leaving their homes for too long, so after a few days of combat they would leave the army and go back to their villages. Hence the Vendéens were incapable of keeping conquered towns like Angers, Saumur, Thouars and Fontenay-le-Comte, which were progressively abandoned and retaken by the republicans without difficulty.

To fix this disadvantage, regular troops were recruited among republican deserters and insurgents exterior to Vendée

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