Caroline Dessaulles-Béique ( Madame F. L. Beique, 13 October 1852 – 8 August 1946) was a
Canadian
Canadians () are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being ''C ...
social activist and feminist. She was one of the founders of the Provincial Housewife's School (), which later became the
home economics
Home economics, also called domestic science or family and consumer sciences (often shortened to FCS or FACS), is a subject concerning human development, personal and family finances, consumer issues, housing and interior design, nutrition and f ...
department of the
Université de Montréal
The Université de Montréal (; UdeM; ) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university's main campus is located in the Côte-des-Neiges neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on M ...
, and an advocate who pressed for the founding of juvenile courts. She was a co-founder of the first national feminist organization, the () for French-speaking Canadian women.
Early life
Carolina-Angélina Dessaulles was born on 13 October 1852 in
Saint-Hyacinthe
Saint-Hyacinthe ( , ) is a city in southwestern Quebec east of Montreal on the Yamaska River. The population as of the 2021 Canadian census was 57,239. The city is located in Les Maskoutains Regional County Municipality of the Montérégie regi ...
, Canada East, to Catherine-Zéphirine (née Thompson) and Louis-Antoine Dessaulles. Her father was a prominent politician, lawyer, and writer in Quebec and had served as mayor of Saint-Hyacinthe. Her uncle Georges-Casimir Dessaulles was also a mayor of Saint-Hyacinthe and went on to serve in the
Legislative Assembly of Quebec
A legislature (, ) is a deliberative assembly with the authority, legal authority to make laws for a Polity, political entity such as a Sovereign state, country, nation or city on behalf of the people therein. They are often contrasted with th ...
and the
Senate of Canada
The Senate of Canada () is the upper house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Monarchy of Canada#Parliament (King-in-Parliament), Crown and the House of Commons of Canada, House of Commons, they compose the Bicameralism, bicameral le ...
; his daughter Henriette Dessaulles, Caroline's cousin, became a noted writer. Her mother was a distant cousin to her father, through her mother, Flavia Truteau, who was connected to the distinguished Papineau family, like her father's ancestry. Dessaulles and her family moved to Montreal in 1860, where she attended the Ladies of the Sacred Heart school. On 15 April 1875 at Saint-Jacques Cathedral in Montreal, she married Frédéric-Liguori Béique, a lawyer who became president of the bar association and a senator. The couple raised their six children in Montreal.
Career
Dessaulles-Béique began working as a social activist in 1893, when she became involved in founding the Montreal Local Council of Women (MLCW), a subsidiary organization of the
National Council of Women of Canada
National may refer to:
Common uses
* Nation or country
** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen
Places in the United States
* National, Maryland, ...
(NCWC). In 1899, Frédéric became president of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste and four years later, Dessaulles-Béique established the first women's organization that catered to preserving the culture of the French-speaking women of Canada. ''Des dames patronesses de l'Association Saint-Jean-Baptiste'' (the ladies' patronage committee of the association of Saint-Jean-Baptiste) provided women a way to become involved in the promotion of French-Canadian interests, including preservation of the French language and Catholicism. The committee, with Dessaulles-Béique as its president, was responsible for the founding of the Provincial Housewife's School () in 1906. The school served as a normal school, but also included courses to teach students how to cook, sew, manage a household, and offered classes on hygiene.
In 1907, Dessaulles-Béique and Marie Gérin-Lajoie expanded the Patronage Committee to the national level, founding the (FNSJB), for which Dessaulles-Béique served as president until 1913. The FNSJB served as an umbrella organization, uniting twenty-two women's social activist organizations. Their interests included access to education for women, aid to the poor and unemployed, Civil Code reforms, temperance, worker housing and other issues. Some of the projects that Dessaulles-Béique and the FNSJB were involved in were pressing for creation of the juvenile court system, working with the Sainte-Justine Hospital, and the distribution of milk and maternal assistance programs like Drops of Milk. From 1909 to 1910, Dessaulles-Béique simultaneously served on the executive board of the Montreal Local Council of Women.
In 1913, she resigned as president of FNSJB to turn her attention to war work, becoming involved in both the
Canadian Red Cross
The Canadian Red Cross Society ()Khaki League, an assistance organization for returning veterans. When
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
ended, she returned to women's programs, and was among the founders of the Provincial Committee for Women's Suffrage (, CPSF) in 1922. The women who joined the CPSF were primarily members of two older feminist groups, the Montreal Suffrage Association and the FNSJB. Besides Dessaulles-Béique and Gérin-Lajoie, among the founding members of CPSF were Thérèse Casgrain, Carrie Derick, Grace Ritchie-England, Idola Saint-Jean, and Isabella Scott. For the women of the FNSJB, this was a significant change in stance, as the organization had been formed with approval by the pope to train women in their moral and civic responsibilities as wives, rather than as individual citizens. The struggle for the right to vote in Quebec continued to 1940, when women won full suffrage.
Death and legacy
Dessaulles-Béique died on 8 August 1946 in Montreal. The Housewife's School which she founded became affiliated with the Université de Montréal in 1937 and in 1953 became the School of Household Science. In 1959, it merged with the University when the school decided to offer a degree in home economics. In 1988, a street in the city was renamed in her honour.