Carlos Real de Azúa (March 15, 1916 – July 16, 1977) was a
Uruguayan
Uruguayans () are people identified with the country of Uruguay, through citizenship or descent. Uruguay is home to people of different ethnic origins. As a result, many Uruguayans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizen ...
lawyer, professor, essayist, sociologist and historian.
Biography
Real de Azúa Real was born into an old Uruguayan family, the first Real de Azúa having arrived at the
Río de la Plata
The Río de la Plata (; ), also called the River Plate or La Plata River in English, is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River at Punta Gorda, Colonia, Punta Gorda. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean and ...
in 1794. He was a
Catholic
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
and, in his youth, an enthusiastic
fascist
Fascism ( ) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It is characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural soci ...
and
anti-liberal
Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. ...
, an admirer of the
Falange Española
Falange Española (FE; English: Spanish Phalanx) was a Spanish fascist political organization active from 1933 to 1934.
History
The Falange Española was created on 29 October 1933 as the successor of the Movimiento Español Sindicalista (M ...
(a Spanish Fascist movement that was active in 1933-34), a fan of the right-wing journalist and politician
Benito Nardone
Benito Nardone Cetrulo (November 22, 1906 – March 25, 1964) was a Uruguayan journalist and political figure.
Biography
Nardone was born at Montevideo, the son of an Italian immigrant.
For many years he was a popular radio commentator at CX 4 ...
(who would later become president of Uruguay in 1960-61), and an outspoken critic of
Batllism (the statist and redistributionist political philosophy of
José Batlle y Ordóñez
José Pablo Torcuato Batlle y Ordóñez ( or ; 23 May 1856 – 20 October 1929), nicknamed ''Don Pepe'', was a prominent Uruguayan politician who served two terms as President of Uruguay for the Colorado Party. The son of a former president, ...
, president of Uruguay from 1903 to 1907 and 1911 to 1915).
In his later life, Real described his early ideological journey as a beginning with “antitotalitarianism” and then progressing to “tercerismo” (i.e. “thirdism,” a via media between
Soviet
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
Communism
Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a ...
and Western
democratic capitalism
Democratic capitalism, also referred to as market democracy, is a political and economic system that integrates resource allocation by marginal productivity (synonymous with free-market capitalism), with policies of resource allocation by socia ...
), to “the left and autonomous action,” to “the balanced left,” and ultimately to “advocate for the devil of the left and
Marxism
Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...
.” In 1948, he began to write for ''
Marcha
Marcha (born Margaretha Hendrika Maria Groeneveld on 2 July 1956), also known as Marga Bult, is a Dutch singer and television presenter, who has been a member of the groups Tulip, Babe and Dutch Divas and is also known for her participation in t ...
'', an influential leftist weekly edited by
Carlos Quijano. His writings for ''Marcha'' indicated a movement from the right to the left, although he was always viewed as retaining elements of his reactionary youth.
[Fundador de panoramas; La Diaria](_blank)
He also joined the Popular Union, a left-wing party.
He is remembered as a member of the ''
Generación del 45
The Generation '45 () was a group of writers, mainly from Uruguay, who had a notable influence in the literary and cultural life of their country and region. Their name derives from the fact that their careers started out mainly between 1945 and ...
'', a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement:
Carlos Maggi,
Manuel Flores Mora
Manuel Flores Mora (September 4, 1923 – February 15, 1985) was a Uruguayan journalist and politician representing the Colorado Party.
Background and early career
A direct descendant of 19th century President Venancio Flores, Flores worked in ...
,
Ángel Rama
Ángel A. Rama (; April 30, 1926November 27, 1983) was a Uruguayan writer, academic, and literary critic, known for his work on ''modernismo'' and for his theorization of the concept of "transculturation."
Biography
Born in Montevideo to Galician ...
,
Emir Rodríguez Monegal
Emir Rodríguez Monegal (28 July 1921 – 14 November 1985), born in Uruguay, was a scholar, literary critic, and editor of Latin American literature. From 1969 to 1985, Rodríguez Monegal was professor of Latin American contemporary literatur ...
,
Idea Vilariño
Idea Vilariño Romani (Montevideo, 18 August 1920 – 28 April 2009) was a Uruguayan poet, essayist and literary critic.
She belonged to the group of intellectuals known as ''"Generación del 45".'' In this generation, there are several writers s ...
,
Carlos Martínez Moreno
Carlos may refer to:
Places
;Canada
* Carlos, Alberta, a locality
;United States
* Carlos, Indiana, an unincorporated community
* Carlos, Maryland, a place in Allegany County
* Carlos, Minnesota, a small city
* Carlos, West Virginia
;Elsewhere ...
,
Mario Arregui
Mario (; ) is a character created by the Japanese game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. He is the star of the ''Mario'' franchise, a recurring character in the ''Donkey Kong'' franchise, and the mascot of the Japanese video game company Nintendo. ...
,
Mauricio Muller
Mauricio Waldemar Muller (born 20 October 1981 in Doblas) is an Argentinian cyclist, who last rode for UCI Continental team .
In 2012, he participated in the road race at the 2012 UCI Road World Championships. In 2017, he won the Argentine Nat ...
,
José Pedro Díaz
José Pedro Díaz (January 12, 1921 - July 3, 2006) was a Uruguayan essayist, educator and writer.
He is remembered as a member of the ''Generation of 45'', a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement: Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Áng ...
,
Amanda Berenguer
Amanda Berenguer (1921 – July 13, 2010) was a Uruguayan poet. She is remembered as a member of the Generation of 45, a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement.
Biography
She was born in Montevideo. ''Quehaceres e Invenciones'' (1963) broug ...
,
Tola Invernizzi
Tola may refer to:
Places
* Bella Tola, a mountain in the Pennine Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais
* La Tola, a town and municipality in the Nariño Department, Colombia
* Tola (Shakargarh), a village in Pakistan
* Tola, Rivas, a municipalit ...
,
Mario Benedetti
Mario Benedetti Farrugia (; 14 September 1920 – 17 May 2009), was a Uruguayan journalist, novelist, and poet and an integral member of the Generación del 45. Despite publishing more than 80 books and being published in twenty languages, he ...
,
Ida Vitale
Ida Vitale (born 2 November 1923) is a Uruguayan poet, translator, essayist, lecturer and literary critic.
Life
She played an important role in the Uruguayan art movement known as the 'Generation of 45': Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Á ...
,
Líber Falco
Líber Falco (4 October 1906 – 10 November 1955) was a Uruguayan poet.
Biography
Born on 4 October 1906 in the neighborhood of Villa Muñoz in Montevideo, Uruguay. As a young man, he worked as a barber, salesman, clerk in a print shop and as ...
,
Juan Cunha
''Juan'' is a given name, the Spanish and Manx versions of ''John''. The name is of Hebrew origin and has the meaning "God has been gracious." It is very common in Spain and in other Spanish-speaking countries around the world and in the Philippi ...
, and
Juan Carlos Onetti
Juan Carlos Onetti Borges (July 1, 1909 – May 30, 1994) was a Uruguayan novelist and author of short stories.
Early life
Onetti was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. He was the son of Carlos Onetti, a customs official, and Honoria Borges, who be ...
, among others.
His writings have been described as conveying a “horror of the void” and can be categorized variously as belonging to the genres of history, political essay, cultural criticism, and “criticism of customs.” His prose style was extravagant and complex, “made up of a slow chaos of periods that wind endlessly through the paragraph, and where the subordinates and parentheses are encapsulated within each other like
Russian dolls.” One critic considers him one of the three leading members of his generation of Uruguayan writers, the other two being Rama and Monegal. His work was frequently described as “
arborescent
A rhizome is a concept in post-structuralism describing an Assemblage (philosophy), assemblage that allows connections between any of its constituent elements, regardless of any predefined ordering, structure, or entry point. It is a central conce ...
,” which means “resembling a tree,” but which in his case was used by critics in the sense established by
Gilles Deleuze
Gilles Louis René Deleuze (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1950s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes o ...
and
Félix Guattari
Pierre-Félix Guattari ( ; ; 30 March 1930 – 29 August 1992) was a French psychoanalyst, political philosopher, Semiotics, semiotician, social activist, and screenwriter. He co-founded schizoanalysis with Gilles Deleuze, and created ecosophy ...
, namely “to characterize thinking marked by insistence on totalizing principles,
binarism, and
dualism
Dualism most commonly refers to:
* Mind–body dualism, a philosophical view which holds that mental phenomena are, at least in certain respects, not physical phenomena, or that the mind and the body are distinct and separable from one another
* P ...
.” The critic
Roberto Echavarran called him “the
baroque
The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...
historian.” Rama praised him as a first-rate example of the “sociological imagination.”
His influence on Uruguayan culture can only be compared to that of
Carlos Vaz Ferreira
Carlos Vaz Ferreira (October 15, 1872 – January 3, 1958) was a Uruguayan philosopher, lawyer, writer, and academic. Influenced by John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer, he is notable for introducing liberal, pluralistic political values and pr ...
,
Carlos Quijano,
José Enrique Rodó
José Enrique Camilo Rodó Piñeyro (15 July 1871 – 1 May 1917) was a Uruguayan essayist.
He cultivated an epistolary relationship with important Hispanic thinkers of that time, Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) in Spain, José de la Riva-Agüero in ...
, and
Juan E. Pivel Devoto. Some consider him a modern version of a
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...
polymath
A polymath or polyhistor is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, ...
.
From 1937 to 1966, he taught literature at the secondary-school level. From 1954 to 1967, he was a professor at the Instituto de Profesores Artigas, teaching courses in Ibero-American literature and in the literature of the Rio de la Plata region. From 1952 to 1976, he taught Literary Aesthetics at the same institution. He was also a professor of Political Science at the Faculty of Economic Sciences from 1967 to 1974.
Ruben Cotelo wrote a short biography of him. A 1984 special issue of weekly magazine ''Jaque'' consisted of a collection of tributes to him by
César Aguiar,
Mariano Arana,
Lisa Block de Behar,
Tulio Halperin Donghi,
Enrique Fierro
Enrique () is the Spanish variant of the given name Heinrich of Germanic origin.
Equivalents in other languages are Henry (English), Enric (Catalan), Enrico (Italian), Henrik (Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian), Heinrich (German), Hendrik, Henk (Du ...
,
Carlos Filgueiras,
Carlos Martínez Moreno
Carlos may refer to:
Places
;Canada
* Carlos, Alberta, a locality
;United States
* Carlos, Indiana, an unincorporated community
* Carlos, Maryland, a place in Allegany County
* Carlos, Minnesota, a small city
* Carlos, West Virginia
;Elsewhere ...
,
Juan Oddone,
Carlos Pellegrino
Carlos may refer to:
Places
;Canada
* Carlos, Alberta, a locality
;United States
* Carlos, Indiana, an unincorporated community
* Carlos, Maryland, a place in Allegany County
* Carlos, Minnesota, a small city
* Carlos, West Virginia
;Elsewhere ...
,
Blanca París,
Mercedes Ramírez,
Juan Rial,
Emir Rodríguez Monegal
Emir Rodríguez Monegal (28 July 1921 – 14 November 1985), born in Uruguay, was a scholar, literary critic, and editor of Latin American literature. From 1969 to 1985, Rodríguez Monegal was professor of Latin American contemporary literatur ...
,
Ricardo Rodríguez Pereyra,
Marta Sabelli de Loucau, and
Ida Vitale
Ida Vitale (born 2 November 1923) is a Uruguayan poet, translator, essayist, lecturer and literary critic.
Life
She played an important role in the Uruguayan art movement known as the 'Generation of 45': Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Á ...
. Lisa Block de Behar wrote several articles about the author. Tulio Halperín Dongui wrote ''Carlos Real de Azúa: the avid curiosity about the world''. Susana Mallo wrote a doctoral thesis on Real de Azúa, Pablo Rocca published several articles and Marcos Daniel Aguilar wrote about him in ''Cariatide'', a magazine in
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
. The book ''Carlos Real de Azúa, Una biografía intelectual'', was published in 2017 by
Valetin Trujillo.
[ ]
Personal life
Real de Azúa never married. A centenary tribute described him as “a solitary gentleman” and noted that while he did not write explicitly about sexual orientation, he emerges in his work as an “elegantly melancholic” figure who is “like a character out of Luchino Visconti.”
Selected works
*''El patriciado uruguayo'' (1961)
*''Problemas de la enseñanza literaria: la elección de autores'' (Asir. 1961)
*''El impulso y su freno'' (1964)
*''Cronología comparada de la historia del Uruguay 1830-1945'' (with
Blanca París de Oddone,
Aurelio Lucchini,
Otilia Muras,
Arturo Ardao
Arturo Ardao ( Minas, Lavalleja, 27 September 1912 – Montevideo, 22 September 2003) was a Uruguayan philosopher and historian of ideas.
From 1968 to 1972 he was dean of the Faculty of Humanities. Before the Military Coup in 1973, he was forced ...
,
Washington Buño,
Lauro Ayestarán, and
Susana Salgado. 1966)
*''Política, poder y partidos en el Uruguay de hoy'' (1971)
*''El clivaje mundial eurocentro – periferia y las áreas exceptuadas (para una comparación con el caso latinoamericano)'' (1975)
*''Uruguay: ¿una sociedad amortiguadora?'' (posthumous. 1985)
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Real De Azua, Carlos
1916 births
1977 deaths
University of the Republic (Uruguay) alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Republic (Uruguay)
20th-century Uruguayan historians
Uruguayan sociologists
Uruguayan literary critics
Uruguayan political scientists
20th-century Uruguayan essayists
20th-century Uruguayan male writers
20th-century political scientists