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__NOTOC__ Carlo, Count Gozzi (; 13 December 1720 – 4 April 1806) was an
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
( Venetian)
playwright A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes play (theatre), plays, which are a form of drama that primarily consists of dialogue between Character (arts), characters and is intended for Theatre, theatrical performance rather than just Readin ...
and champion of ''
Commedia dell'arte Commedia dell'arte was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Theatre of Italy, Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is a ...
''.


Early life

Gozzi was born and died in
Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...
; he came from a family of minor Venetian aristocracy, the Tiepolos. At a young age, his parents were no longer able to support him financially, so he joined the army in
Dalmatia Dalmatia (; ; ) is a historical region located in modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Through time it formed part of several historical states, most notably the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (925 ...
. Three years later, he had returned to Venice and joined the Granelleschi Society. This society was dedicated to preserving Tuscan literature from the influence of foreign culture; it was particularly interested in handing down traditional Italian comedic performance: the ''
Commedia dell'arte Commedia dell'arte was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Theatre of Italy, Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is a ...
''.


Works

Pietro Chiari and
Carlo Goldoni Carlo Osvaldo Goldoni (, also , ; 25 February 1707 – 6 February 1793) was an Italian playwright and librettist from the Republic of Venice. His works include some of Italy's most famous and best-loved plays. Audiences have admired the plays ...
, two Venetian writers, were moving away from the old style of Italian theatre, which threatened the work of the Granelleschi Society. In 1757 Gozzi defended ''
Commedia dell'arte Commedia dell'arte was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Theatre of Italy, Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is a ...
'' by publishing a satirical poem, ''La tartana degli influssi per l'anno 1756''; and in 1761, in his comedy based on a fairy tale, ''
The Love for Three Oranges ', Op. 33, is a 1921 satirical French-language opera by Sergei Prokofiev. He wrote his own libretto, basing it on the Italian play '' L'amore delle tre melarance'', or ''The Love for Three Oranges'' ( ''Lyubov k tryom apyelsinam'') by Carlo Goz ...
'' or ''Analisi riflessiva della fiaba L'amore delle tre melarance'', he parodied Chiari and Goldoni. He engaged the Sacchi company of players, a Commedia dell'arte troupe who had had dwindling engagements because of Chiari and Goldoni's efforts. Their acting was informed by personal vendetta, making the play an extraordinary success. Gozzi donated his play and the rest of his fairy tales to Sacchi's troupe, in effect saving the company. Gozzi's efforts on behalf of the genre were anachronistic, since Gozzi wrote out all his scripts. whereas traditional Commedia dell'arte was always improvised. Struck by the effect produced on the audience by the introduction of the supernatural or mythical element, which he had merely used as a convenient medium for his satirical purposes, Gozzi produced a series of dramatic pieces based on
fairy tale A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, household tale, magic tale, or wonder tale) is a short story that belongs to the folklore genre. Such stories typically feature magic, enchantments, and mythical or fanciful bei ...
s. These were hugely popular, but after Sacchi's company disbanded, they were unjustly neglected. Gozzi's fairy tales drew influence from ''
Commedia dell'arte Commedia dell'arte was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Theatre of Italy, Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is a ...
'', and the popularity of them caused a revival of Commedia dell'arte in Italy. These fairy tales were much praised by
Goethe Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language. His work has had a wide-ranging influence on Western literature, literary, Polit ...
, Schlegel brothers,
Hoffmann Hoffmann is a German language, German surname. People A *Adolph Hoffmann (1858–1930), German politician *Albert Hoffmann (horticulturist), Albert Hoffmann (1846–1924), German horticulturist *Alexander Hoffmann (politician), Alexander Hoffma ...
,
Madame de Staël Madame may refer to: * Madam, civility title or form of address for women, derived from the French * Madam (prostitution), a term for a woman who is engaged in the business of procuring prostitutes, usually the manager of a brothel * ''Madame'' ( ...
, Sismondi and Ostrovsky. One of them, ''
Turandot ''Turandot'' ( ; see #Origin and pronunciation of the name, below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. Puccini left the opera unfinished at the time of his death in 1924; it ...
'' or ''La Turandotte'', was translated by
Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. He was born i ...
and staged by Goethe in Weimar in 1802 with great success. Gozzi was acclaimed throughout most of Europe, but was less esteemed in his own homeland. In the last years of Gozzi's life he had begun to experiment by producing tragedies with largely comical influences, but these endeavors were met with harsh critical response. He then began to work in Spanish drama, and found minor success before his death. He was buried in the church of San Cassiano in Venice.


Personal life

His feuds with
Carlo Goldoni Carlo Osvaldo Goldoni (, also , ; 25 February 1707 – 6 February 1793) was an Italian playwright and librettist from the Republic of Venice. His works include some of Italy's most famous and best-loved plays. Audiences have admired the plays ...
and Pietro Chiari between 1756-1762 were legion. They argued over the changing style of Italian theatre and Gozzi's concern about losing ''
Commedia dell'arte Commedia dell'arte was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Theatre of Italy, Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is a ...
''. He was the titular protector of the actress Teodora Ricci. When Pier Antonio Gratarol, a member of Venetian society whom Gozzi's ''Draghe d'Amore'' was partially based on, had an affair with her, Gozzi was instrument in Gratrol's exile. The writer
Gasparo Gozzi Gasparo, count Gozzi (4 December 1713 – 26 December 1786) was a Venetian critic and dramatist. Life and works Gasparo Gozzi was the first of eleven children born to the Venetian Count Jacopo Antonio and Angela Tiepolo, who was also of noble fa ...
was his brother. His collected works were published under his own superintendence at Venice in 1792, in 10 volumes. A number of twentieth-century stage works were inspired by Gozzi's plays. These include treatments of ''
Turandot ''Turandot'' ( ; see #Origin and pronunciation of the name, below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. Puccini left the opera unfinished at the time of his death in 1924; it ...
'' by
Karl Vollmöller Karl Gustav Vollmöller (or Vollmoeller; 7 May 1878 – 18 October 1948) was a German philologist, archaeologist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, and aircraft designer. He is most famous for the elaborate religious spectacle-pantomime '' The Mir ...
and
Bertolt Brecht Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known as Bertolt Brecht and Bert Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet. Coming of age during the Weimar Republic, he had his first successes as a p ...
, operas based on the same story by
Ferruccio Busoni Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary ...
, and, more famously,
Giacomo Puccini Giacomo Puccini (22 December 1858 29 November 1924) was an Italian composer known primarily for List of compositions by Giacomo Puccini#Operas, his operas. Regarded as the greatest and most successful proponent of Italian opera after Verdi, he ...
,
Sergei Prokofiev Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev; alternative transliterations of his name include ''Sergey'' or ''Serge'', and ''Prokofief'', ''Prokofieff'', or ''Prokofyev''. , group=n ( – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who l ...
's '' The Love of Three Oranges'',
Alfredo Casella Alfredo Casella (25 July 18835 March 1947) was an Italian composer, pianist and conductor. Life and career Casella was born in Turin, the son of Maria (née Bordino) and Carlo Casella. His family included many musicians: his grandfather, a f ...
's '' La donna serpente'' and
Hans Werner Henze Hans Werner Henze (1 July 1926 – 27 October 2012) was a German composer. His large List of compositions by Hans Werner Henze, oeuvre is extremely varied in style, having been influenced by serialism, atonality, Igor Stravinsky, Stravinsky, Mu ...
's '' König Hirsch''. He shares his tomb with his brother
Gasparo Gozzi Gasparo, count Gozzi (4 December 1713 – 26 December 1786) was a Venetian critic and dramatist. Life and works Gasparo Gozzi was the first of eleven children born to the Venetian Count Jacopo Antonio and Angela Tiepolo, who was also of noble fa ...
at the San Michele cemetery on the
Isola di San Michele The Island of San Michele (, ; ) is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, Veneto, northern Italy. The island contains San Michele in Isola, a Roman Catholic church, as well as the San Michele Cemetery, Venice’s principal cemetery. It is associate ...
.


Works


Plays

;''Fiabe Teatrali'' — "Tales for the Theatre" * '' L'amore delle tre melarance'' — "The Love of Three Oranges" (1761) * '' Il corvo'' — "The Raven" (1761)Katherine Rae Syer - 2014 ''Wagner's Visions: Poetry, Politics, and the Psyche in the Operas'' 1580464823 "... Il corvo was precisely the play that E. T. A. Hoffmann singled out for special praise in his 1813 dialogue on Romantic aesthetics, "Der Dichter und der Komponist" (The poet and the composer), in which he praised Gozzi's legends as the ideal ... * ' — "The King Stag" (1762) * ''
Turandot ''Turandot'' ( ; see #Origin and pronunciation of the name, below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. Puccini left the opera unfinished at the time of his death in 1924; it ...
'' (1762) * '' La donna serpente'' — "The Serpent Woman" (1762) * ''La Zobeide'' (1763) * ''I Pitocchi Fortunati'' — "The Fortunate Beggars" (1764) * ''Il Mostro Turchino'' — "The Blue Monster" (1764) * ''L'Augellino Bel Verde'' — " The Green Bird" (1765) * ''Zeim, Re de' Geni'' — "Zeim, King of the Genies" (1765) ;Other plays * '' Marfisa bizzarra'' (1766) * ''The Elixir of Love'' (1775/1776) * ''Il Cavaliere Amico; o sia, Il Trionfo dell'Amicizia'' — "The Knight; or, The Triumph of Friendship" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''Doride; o sia, La Rassegnata'' — "Doride; or, The Resigned" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Donna Vendicativa'' — "The Vengeful Woman" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Caduta di Donna Elvira, Regina di Navarra'' — "The Fall of Donna Elvira, Queen of Navarre" rologo Tragico * ''La Punizione nel Precipizio'' — "Punishment in the Precipice" (Tragicomedy in 3 Acts) * ''Il Pubblico Secreto'' — "The Public Secret" (Comedy in 3 Acts) * ''Le Due Notti Affannose; o sia, gl'Inganni della Immaginazione'' — "Two Frantic Nights; or, Illusions of Imagination" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Principessa Filosofa; o sia, Il Controveleno'' — "The Princess Philosopher; or, The Antidote" (Drama in 3 Acts) * ''I Due Fratelli Nimici'' — "The Two Enemy Brothers" (Tragicomedy in 3 Acts) * ''Eco e Narciso'' — "Echo and Narcissus" (Seriocomic Pastoral with Music in 3 Acts) * ''Il Moro di Corpo Bianco; o sia, Lo Schiavo del Proprio Onore'' — "The Moor with White Body; or, The Slave of his own Honor" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Donna Contraria al Consiglio'' — "The Woman Against the Council" (Scenic Composition in 5 Acts) * ''Cimene Pardo'' — "Cimene Pardo" (Tragedy in 5 Acts) * ''Innamorata da Vero'' — "True Love" (Comedy in 3 Acts) * ''Bianca Contessa di Melfi; o sia, Il Maritaggio per Vendetta'' — "Bianca, Countess of Malfi; or, the Maritaggio for Vendetta" (Tragedy in 5 Acts) * ''Il Montanaro Don Giovanni Pasquale'' — "The Montanaro Don Giovanni Pasquale" (Moral Stage Action in 5 Acts) * ''La Figlia dell'Aria; o sia, L'Innalzamento di Semiramide'' — "Daughter of the Air; or, The Rise of Semiramis" (Allegorical Tale in 3 Acts) * ''Il Metafisico; o sia, L'Amore, e L'Amicizia alla Prova'' — "The Metaphysical; or, Love and Friendship Put to the Test" (Drama 3 Acts) * ''Annibale, Duca di Atene'' — "Hannibal, Duke of Athens" (Verse Representation in 5 Acts) * ''La Malia della Voce'' — "The Woman's(?) Voice" (Drama 5 Acts) * ''Amore Assottiglia il Cervello'' — "Love Thins the Brain" (Comedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Vedova del Malabar'' — "The Widow of Malabar" (Tragedy in 5 Acts)


Other works

* ''Ragionamento ingenuo, e storia sincera dell'origine delle mie dieci Fiabe teatrali'' — "Ingenuous Disquisition and Sincere History of My Ten Tales for the Theatre" (1772) * ''Memorie Inutili'' — "Useless Memoirs" (1777, published 1797)


Editions

* Carlo Gozzi, ''Memorie inutili'' (éd. Giuseppe Prezzolini). Laterza, Bari 1910. * Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere del Co: Carlo Gozzi''. Colombani, Venezia/Firenze 1772 1774 * Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere edite ed inedite del Co. Carlo Gozzi''. Zanardi, Venezia 1801
1803 Events January–March * January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière's ''Almanach des gourmands'', the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris. * January 4 – William Symingt ...
* Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere. Teatro e polemiche teatrali'' (éd. Giorgio Petronio). Rizzoli, Milano 1962. * ''Scritti di Carlo Gozzi'', éd. E. Bonora. Einaudi, Torino 1977. * Carlo Gozzi, ''Le fiabe teatrali'' (= ''Biblioteca di Cultura.'' 261). Testo, introduzione e commento a cura di Paolo Bosisio. Bulzoni, Rom 1984. * Carlo Gozzi, ''Theatralische Werke.'' Aus dem italiänischen übersezt. 5 voll. Typographische Gesellschaft, Bern 1777–1779.


Notes and references


Notes


References


Further reading

* Carmelo Alberti (ed.), ''Carlo Gozzi, scrittore di teatro'' (= ''La fenice dei teatri.'' 1). Bulzoni, Rom 1996, . * Alfredo Beniscelli, ''La finzione del fiabesco. Studi sul teatro di Carlo Gozzi'',(= ''Collana di saggistica'', vol. 19). Marietti, Casale Monferrato 1986, . * Michele Bordin, Anna Scannapieco (eds.): ''Antologia della critica goldoniana e gozziana.'' Marsilio, Venezia 2009, . * Paolo Bosisio, ''Carlo Gozzi e Goldoni. Una polemica letteraria'', Olschki, Firenze 1979. * Françoise Decroisette, "Carlo Gozzi", in ''Il contributo italiano alla storia del pensiero. La Letteratura'', Giulio Ferroni (ed.), Roma, Enciclopedia Treccani, 2017. * Helmut Feldmann, ''Die Fiabe Carlo Gozzis. Die Entstehung einer Gattung und ihre Transposition in das System der deutschen Romantik'' (= ''Studi italiani.'' Bd. 11). Böhlau, Köln u. a. 1971, . * Siro Ferrone, ''Attori mercanti corsari. La Commedia dell'arte in Europa tra Cinque e Seicento'', Einaudi, Torino 1993. * Bodo Guthmüller/ Wolfgang Osthoff (eds.), ''Carlo Gozzi. Letteratura e musica'' (= ''La fenice dei teatri.'' 4). Bulzoni, Rom 1997, . * Thomas F. Heck, ''Commedia dell'Arte: A Guide to the Primary and Secondary Literature'', Garland, New York 1988. * Kii-Ming Lo, ''Turandot auf der Opernbühne'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt/Bern/New York 1996. * Gérard Luciani, ''L’œuvre de Carlo Gozzi et les polémiques théâtrales contre les Lumières'', dans: ''Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century'' 89/1972, pp. 939–974. * Gérard Luciani, ''Carlo Gozzi : 1720-1806, l’homme et l’œuvre…'', Paris, H. Champion, 1977. * Gérard Luciani, ''Carlo Gozzi, ou, L’enchanteur désenchanté'', Grenoble, Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2001 . * Arnaldo Momo, ''La carriera delle maschere nel teatro di Goldoni, Chiari, Gozzi'', Marsilio, Venezia 1992. * Allardyce Nicoll, ''The World of Harlequin'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1963. * Robert Perroud, ''La défense et l'utilisation des ‚masques’ de la commedia dell'arte dans l'oeuvre de Carlo Gozzi.'' In: Roger Bauer, Jürgen Wertheimer (eds.), ''Das Ende des Stegreifspiels – Die Geburt des Nationaltheaters. Ein Wendepunkt in der Geschichte des europäischen Dramas.'' Fink, München 1983, , pp. 9–16. * Jean Starobinski, ''Ironie et mélancholie (I): Le théâtre de Carlo Gozzi'', dans: Critiques 22 (1966), pp. 438–457. * Jean Starobinski, ''Portrait de l'artiste en saltimbanque'', Gallimard, Paris 1983/2004, . * Jörn Steigerwald, ''Serendipità oder Selbstaufklärung im Medium des Theaters: Carlo Gozzis „Il re cervo".'' In: ''Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert.'' Nr. 35.1, 2011, , pp. 73–89. * Frederik D. Tunnat, ''Karl Vollmoeller. Dichter und Kulturmanager. Eine Biographie.'' tredition, Hamburg 2008, (gives information on Vollmoeller's productions of Gozzi's plays). * Olga Visentini, ''Movenze dell'esotismo: »il caso Gozzi«'', in: Jürgen Maehder (ed.), ''Esotismo e colore locale nell'opera di Puccini. Atti del I° Convegno Internazionale sull'opera di Giacomo Puccini'', Giardini, Pisa 1985, pp. 37–51. * Susanne Winter, ''Von illusionärer Wirklichkeit und wahrer Illusion. Zu Carlo Gozzis Fiabe teatrali'', Frankfurt/Main 2007, . * Friedrich Wolfzettel, ''Märchen, Aufklärung und ‚Antiaufklärung’: zu den ‚fiabe teatrali’ Carlo Gozzis'' dans: ''Aufklärung'', éd. Roland Galle, Helmut Pfeiffer, Fink, Paderborn/München 2007, , pp. 117–145.


External links

* * * *
''The Memoirs of Count Carlo Gozzi''
at gutenberg.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Gozzi, Carlo 1720 births 1806 deaths Burials at Isola di San Michele 18th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights 18th-century Italian male writers Commedia dell'arte dramatists and playwrights 18th-century Venetian writers Dramatists and playwrights from the Republic of Venice