Carl Rüedi
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Carl Rüedi (April 21 (or 23?), 1848 – June 17, 1901) was a
Swiss Swiss most commonly refers to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland * Swiss people Swiss may also refer to: Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina * Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses * Swiss Café, an old café located ...
pulmonologist Pulmonology (, , from Latin ''pulmō, -ōnis'' "lung" and the Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language fam ...
and at his lifetime one of the best-known
physician A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the Medical education, study, Med ...
s in Graubünden. Rüedi rose to fame around the world after having treated the Scottish author
Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson (born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He is best known for works such as ''Treasure Island'', ''Strange Case of Dr Jekyll ...
in the winters of 1880-81 and 1881-82. Stevenson praised Rüedi in the dedication of his poetry collection ''Underwoods'' (1887) as ''"the good genius of the English in his frosty mountains"''.


Life


Descent and childhood (1848-66)

Carl Rüedi was the youngest of eight children of the Graubünden district doctor and pioneer of climatotherapy Lucius Rüedi and his wife Rahel (née Conrad). Yet in early childhood Carl Rüedi excelled himself by physical fitness, liveliness and intelligence. At the age of four Carl hiked with his father in midsummer from Alvaneu (the family's residence) to Davos (Carl's birthplace) away. When Carl was nine of age, he and two of his brothers who attended the cantonal school at
Chur '' Chur (locally) or ; ; ; ; ; ; or ; , and . is the capital and largest List of towns in Switzerland, town of the Switzerland, Swiss Cantons of Switzerland, canton of the Grisons and lies in the Alpine Rhine, Grisonian Rhine Valley, where ...
, hiked from Chur to Davos on one day.


Years of study and first sojourn in the USA (1866-74)

In 1866 Carl Rüedi enrolled at the
University of Tübingen The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (; ), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The University of Tübingen is one of eleven German Excellenc ...
to study
Protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...
theology Theology is the study of religious belief from a Religion, religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an Discipline (academia), academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itse ...
. In the summer of 1867 Rüedi continued his study at the
University of Zürich The University of Zurich (UZH, ) is a public university, public research university in Zurich, Switzerland. It is the largest university in Switzerland, with its 28,000 enrolled students. It was founded in 1833 from the existing colleges of the ...
. Carl's elder brother Wilhelm had been living as a physician in the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
for 12 years. In 1867 Wilhelm came for a visit to his home village
Zizers Zizers () is a municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the Landquart Region in the Switzerland, Swiss Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Graubünden. History Zizers is first mentioned in 824 as ''Zizuris''. Of note, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, l ...
(Graubünden) and suggested his brothers Carl and Paul to follow him to America. Both agreed, and on December 17, 1867 they set out for
Philadelphia Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...
(
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
). Paul, a trained physician, opened a doctor's office there and did not visit his homeland before 1882. (Paul (born November 19, 1844) had studied medicine at the
University of Würzburg The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg (also referred to as the University of Würzburg, in German ''Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg'') is a public research university in Würzburg, Germany. Founded in 1402, it is one of the ol ...
(winter of 1863-64), the
University of Zürich The University of Zurich (UZH, ) is a public university, public research university in Zurich, Switzerland. It is the largest university in Switzerland, with its 28,000 enrolled students. It was founded in 1833 from the existing colleges of the ...
(summer of 1864), the
University of Munich The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich, LMU or LMU Munich; ) is a public university, public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Originally established as the University of Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke ...
(summer of 1865 – winter of 1865-66) and the
University of Tübingen The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (; ), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The University of Tübingen is one of eleven German Excellenc ...
(summer of 1866).) Impressed by his two brothers Carl also got interested in
medicine Medicine is the science and Praxis (process), practice of caring for patients, managing the Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis, Preventive medicine, prevention, therapy, treatment, Palliative care, palliation of their injury or disease, ...
. After his father's death (1870) Carl returned to Zizers and took up a study of medicine at the
University of Bern The University of Bern (, , ) is a public university, public research university in the Switzerland, Swiss capital of Bern. It was founded in 1834. It is regulated and financed by the canton of Bern. It is a comprehensive university offering a br ...
in April 1870. In the summer of 1871 he changed to the
University of Würzburg The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg (also referred to as the University of Würzburg, in German ''Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg'') is a public research university in Würzburg, Germany. Founded in 1402, it is one of the ol ...
. In the winter of 1871-72 and the summer of 1872 Carl Rüedi continued his study of medicine at the
University of Munich The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich, LMU or LMU Munich; ) is a public university, public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Originally established as the University of Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke ...
. In the winter of 1872-73 he returned to the
University of Bern The University of Bern (, , ) is a public university, public research university in the Switzerland, Swiss capital of Bern. It was founded in 1834. It is regulated and financed by the canton of Bern. It is a comprehensive university offering a br ...
and prepared himself for the final exams. In the spring of 1874 he received an M.D. (
Doctor of Medicine A Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated MD, from the Latin language, Latin ) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the ''MD'' denotes a professional degree of ph ...
) and opened a doctor's office in the village of Seewis im Prättigau (Graubünden).


Early working years: Davos (1874-91)

On December 24, 1874 Carl Rüedi received a call as a district doctor at Davos, Europe's leading winter
health resort A destination spa or health resort is a resort centered on a spa, such as a mineral spa. Historically, many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or mineral springs. In the era before modern biochemistry and pharmaco ...
(beside
St. Moritz St. Moritz ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is a high Alpine resort town in the Engadine in Switzerland, at an elevation of about above sea level. It is Upper Engadine's major town and a municipality in the administrative region of Maloja in the Swiss ...
) in those days. Thus Rüedi held the same post as his father previously. Rüedi doctor's office was in the ''Rhätia''
hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a re ...
. At Davos Rüedi erected a private residence called ''Villa
Richmond Richmond most often refers to: * Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada * Richmond, California, a city in the United States * Richmond, London, a town in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England * Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town ...
''. It was named after the
county A county () is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesL. Brookes (ed.) '' Chambers Dictionary''. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2005. in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French denoti ...
in the
state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...
of
New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * ...
where he had spent some time between 1867-70. On February 26, 1875 Carl Rüedi, together with two other representatives of the ''Rhätia'' hotel, was elected into the managing committee of the newly founded health resort club. On July 30 or 31, 1875 he was additionally elected its
treasurer A treasurer is a person responsible for the financial operations of a government, business, or other organization. Government The treasury of a country is the department responsible for the country's economy, finance and revenue. The treasure ...
. In 1876 Rüedi was admitted to the Graubünden Society of Physicians (''Bündner Ärzteverein''

seated in Chur. By the growing number of
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...
patients coming to Davos Carl Rüedi was well off. Within few years Rüedi gained an excellent reputation among his clientele. By the end of 1878 Rüedi resigned his post of a district doctor and concentrated on his activities as a private doctor. Rüedi's therapeutical successes were due to a combination of medical competence and the high-Alpine
climate Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteoro ...
of Davos (altitude 1.560 m / 5,118 ft) with its cool, clean and dry air. Rüedi impressed by exact diagnoses, an extraordinary delicate
ear In vertebrates, an ear is the organ that enables hearing and (in mammals) body balance using the vestibular system. In humans, the ear is described as having three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear co ...
when auscultating the
respiratory tract The respiratory tract is the subdivision of the respiratory system involved with the process of conducting air to the alveoli for the purposes of gas exchange in mammals. The respiratory tract is lined with respiratory epithelium as respirato ...
and a profound knowledge of all kinds and stages of lung troubles. The major portion of Rüedi's clientele came from the Anglo-American countries. Thanks to his excellent command of English Rüedi gained a factual
monopoly A monopoly (from Greek language, Greek and ) is a market in which one person or company is the only supplier of a particular good or service. A monopoly is characterized by a lack of economic Competition (economics), competition to produce ...
of this clientele within few years. Carl Rüedi's popularity among the English-speaking patients was supported by his
Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...
wife (née Mackenzie). On June 25, 1879 the couple had a son who was christened John ( sic!).


Intermediate working years: Denver (1891-96)

Rüedi was so much in demand that he came to the limit of his capacity. To let his competence take effect under less exhaustive conditions he emigrated to the US by the end of April 1891 and opened a doctor's office at
Denver Denver ( ) is a List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county, consolidated city and county, the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Colorado, most populous city of the U.S. state of ...
(
Colorado Colorado is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States. It is one of the Mountain states, sharing the Four Corners region with Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. It is also bordered by Wyoming to the north, Nebraska to the northeast, Kansas ...
). Rüedi had chosen the town at the foot of the
Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in great-circle distance, straight-line distance from the northernmost part of Western Can ...
for her approximately same altitude (1,609 m / 5,279 ft) as Davos. There could be no talk, however, of similar climatic conditions, Rüedi confessed later. In those years American pulmonologists sent well-off clients for a high-altitude therapy to
sanatorium A sanatorium (from Latin '' sānāre'' 'to heal'), also sanitarium or sanitorium, is a historic name for a specialised hospital for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments, and convalescence. Sanatoriums are often in a health ...
s in the
Swiss Alps The Alps, Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps, represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main Physica ...
(Davos, St. Moritz), the
Giant Mountains The Giant Mountains, Krkonoše, or Karkonosze (Czech: , , ), are a mountain range located in the north of the Czech Republic and the south-west of Poland, part of the Sudetes mountain system (part of the Bohemian Massif). The Czech–Polish bor ...
( Görbersdorf) or the
Adirondack Mountains The Adirondack Mountains ( ) are a massif of mountains in Northeastern New York which form a circular dome approximately wide and covering about . The region contains more than 100 peaks, including Mount Marcy, which is the highest point in Ne ...
( Saranac Lake, New York). In the Rocky Mountains, however, there was hardly any medical
infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and pri ...
for tuberculosis patients. Apart from a sanatorium in the
hamlet ''The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark'', often shortened to ''Hamlet'' (), is a Shakespearean tragedy, tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play. Set in Denmark, the play (the ...
of
Hygiene Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refer ...
(
Boulder County, Colorado Boulder County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado of the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 330,758. The most populous municipality in the county and the county seat is Boulder. Boulder County comprises th ...
) (altitude 1,553 m / 5,095 ft) which Rüedi visited in October 1891 there only existed primitive camps of covered wagons and tents or isolated
pensions A pension (; ) is a fund into which amounts are paid regularly during an individual's working career, and from which periodic payments are made to support the person's retirement from work. A pension may be either a "defined benefit plan", wher ...
and
hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a re ...
s.A. McGehee Harvey
The American Clinical and Climatological Association: 1884 – 1984
p. 49
Yet in the year of his arrival in America Carl Rüedi was elected a fellow of the ''American Clinical and Climatological Association (ACCA)''. This professional organization had been founded by physicians and scientists in 1884 to improve the medical training, research and practice in the USA. In its early years the ACCA mainly aimed at treating tuberculosis patients by sojourns in a suitable climate. As a pioneer of the practical climatotherapy Rüedi was one of the main authorities for the concern of the ACCA. In 1895 Carl Rüedi held two lectures before the ACCA. In his first lecture (''A Comparison of the Winter Healthresorts in the Alps with some Places in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado'' ) Rüedi argued that, Rüedi presented the vision of a climatic health resort cluster in the Rocky Mountains. Each resort would be situated at a different altitude, thus allowing pulmonologists to choose where to send their clients, depending on the stage of illness and physical constitution: From Denver and surroundings to either
Colorado Springs Colorado Springs is the most populous city in El Paso County, Colorado, United States, and its county seat. The city had a population of 478,961 at the 2020 census, a 15.02% increase since 2010. Colorado Springs is the second-most populous c ...
at 6,000 ft (1,829 m),
Estes Park Estes Park () is a List of municipalities in Colorado#Statutory town, statutory town in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 5,904 at the 2020 United States census. Estes Park is a part of the Fort Collins, CO Metropo ...
at 7,000 ft (2.134 m) or a location at 8,000 ft (2.439 m) still to be identified by Rüedi. ''"This would be a health-resort ( sic!) not known before"''. In his second lecture (''A Peep into the Future, with Respect of pathological-anatomical Researches'') Rüedi criticized the one-sided sympathy of his medical colleagues for the
cytopathology Cytopathology (from Greek , ''kytos'', "a hollow"; , ''pathos'', "fate, harm"; and , ''-logia'') is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by George Nicolas Papanicolaou in ...
. Rüedi pleaded for exploring not only the cells and tissues but also the liquid components of the human body outside the cells, in particular the
blood serum Serum () is the fluid and solvent component of blood which does not play a role in clotting. It may be defined as blood plasma without the clotting factors, or as blood with all cells and clotting factors removed. Serum contains all proteins ex ...
, the
lymph Lymph () is the fluid that flows through the lymphatic system, a system composed of lymph vessels (channels) and intervening lymph nodes whose function, like the venous system, is to return fluid from the tissues to be recirculated. At the ori ...
and the
tissue fluid In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Total body water in healthy adults is about 50–60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; women and the obese typically ha ...
. Rüedi was convinced that analysing the blood serum would provide physicians a valuable means to forecast the „ degenerations” in the cells of the respective person which are to be expected in the near future. Rüedi's expectations regarding the New World, however, did not materialize. (Perhaps the medical infrastructure developed too slowly in his eyes.) For that reason Rüedi returned to Switzerland after only five years (1896).


Last working years: Arosa (1896-1901)

In his absence, however, the working conditions for physicians at Davos had changed dramatically. By the introduction of a limited number of
license A license (American English) or licence (Commonwealth English) is an official permission or permit to do, use, or own something (as well as the document of that permission or permit). A license is granted by a party (licensor) to another part ...
s to local physicians the exercise of the medical profession had become so
regulated Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. Fo ...
that even a capacity like Rüedi had no chance of opening a doctor's office there. Instead of Davos Rüedi settled in the small health resort of Arosa (altitude 1,775 m / 5,823 ft), west of Davos. In the winter of 1896-97 Rüedi started to practice as a private doctor at the ''Grand Hotel Arosa'' (nowadays ''Robinson Club''). Regarding its development, however, the village of Arosa lay decades behind Davos. The high-altitude therapy of tuberculosis had not been introduced there before 1880 when the first hotel (''Seehof'') was opened. And it was not before 1888 when the first sanatorium had opened. (At this time Arosa had not more than 88 residents.) The number of Rüedi's clients remained disappointingly low. Rüedi seriously worried about his financial income and started to commit himself in raising the attractiveness of Arosa as a health resort. On October 4, 1896 Rüedi was unanimously elected a member of the local health resort club. He regularly participated in the meetings and made numerous proposals, e.g. the erection of an artificial
toboggan A toboggan is a simple sled used in snowy winter recreation. It is also a traditional form of cargo transport used by the Innu, Cree and Ojibwe of North America, sometimes part of a dog train. It is used on snow to carry one or more people (o ...
run. On June 22, 1897 Rüedi suggested to introduce a
street lighting A street light, light pole, lamp pole, lamppost, streetlamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a railway platform. When urban electric power distribution b ...
. In November 1900 Rüedi and four of his medical colleagues suggested to establish a scientific club. Every two weeks three
academics Academic means of or related to an academy, an institution learning. Academic or academics may also refer to: * Academic staff, or faculty, teachers or research staff * school of philosophers associated with the Platonic Academy in ancient Greece ...
should discuss a subject of general interest (except
religion Religion is a range of social system, social-cultural systems, including designated religious behaviour, behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, religious text, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics in religion, ethics, or ...
and
politics Politics () is the set of activities that are associated with decision-making, making decisions in social group, groups, or other forms of power (social and political), power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of Social sta ...
) in front of a public audience. In his spare time Rüedi was active in organizing and timekeeping the wintertime sledge races which were first and foremost arranged for the entertainment of
tourists Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the Commerce, commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel. World Tourism Organization, UN Tourism defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as ...
. Arosa's most serious impediment in development, however, was the lack of convenient transportation facilities to and from the village. In those years it took visitors several hours by
stagecoach A stagecoach (also: stage coach, stage, road coach, ) is a four-wheeled public transport coach used to carry paying passengers and light packages on journeys long enough to need a change of horses. It is strongly sprung and generally drawn by ...
to travel the from Chur. Carl Rüedi's greatest concern, therefore, was the improvement of the traffic connections from the Graubünden capital to Arosa. On September 14, 1897 Rüedi and some other residents of Arosa established a
commission In-Commission or commissioning may refer to: Business and contracting * Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered ** Commission (art), the purchase or the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of anot ...
with the objective of broadening the narrow road from Chur to Arosa. In 1900 (or shortly before) Carl Rüedi and the Graubünden
Landammann ''Landammann'' (plural ''Landammänner''), is the German title used by the chief magistrate in certain Cantons of Switzerland and at times featured in the Head of state's style at the confederal level. Old Swiss Confederacy ''Landammann'' or ''A ...
(governor) Hans Brunold of
Peist Peist is a former municipality in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Peist, Calfreisen, Castiel, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the mu ...
(1861 – 1941) submitted petitions to the Great Council (the parliament of Graubünden) and the
Federal Assembly of Switzerland Federal or foederal (archaic) may refer to: Politics General *Federal monarchy, a federation of monarchies *Federation, or ''Federal state'' (federal system), a type of government characterized by both a central (federal) government and states or ...
for the erection of an electric
railway Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in railway track, tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel railway track, rails. Rail transport is one of the two primary means of ...
between Chur and Arosa.Rüedi’s home municipality of Davos had been profiting from such a connection for ten years already. Carl Rüedi, however, was not granted to witness the arrival of the first train at Arosa (December 1914). On June 17, 1901 Rüedi died unexpectedly at Arosa at the early age of 53.


See also

*
Tuberculosis management Management of tuberculosis refers to techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB), or simply a treatment plan for TB. The medical standard for active TB is a short course treatment involving a combination of isoniazid, rifa ...
* Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs


Notes


References

* Davoser Blätter. Curzeitung and Fremdenliste, 20th annual vol., no. 8, February 21, 1891, p. 1; and 20th annual vol., no. 18, May 9, 1891, p 1. * * Visitors list of Arosa, no. 6, November 18, 1900, p 1. * * Minutes of the health resort club on Arosa June 23, 1901 (Manuskript); no page given. * * No author given: Allerlei von der Chur-Arosa-Bahn and ihrer Vorgeschichte; in: Abendzeitung (Arosa), December 4, 1964; no page given. * * Jules Ferdmann: Der Aufstieg von Davos; Verlag Genossenschaft Davoser Revue, 2nd edition, 1990 (1st edition, 1935). * No author given: Dr. C. Ruedi – Arzt in Arosa (handwritten notes from the period October 4, 1896 – September 14, 1897); in the possession of the museum of local history and culture Schanfigg, Arosa. {{DEFAULTSORT:Ruedi, Carl 1848 births 1901 deaths People from Davos Swiss pulmonologists University of Bern alumni University of Tübingen alumni Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni University of Würzburg alumni University of Zurich alumni People from Denver