Carl Joseph Schröter (19 December 1855 – 7 February 1939) was a Swiss

botanist Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...

born in

Esslingen am Neckar Esslingen am Neckar (Swabian German, Swabian: ''Esslenga am Neckor''; until 16 October 1964 officially '' Eßlingen am Neckar'') is a town in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the Esslingen (district), Distri ...

, Germany. From 1874 he studied

natural sciences Natural science or empirical science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer ...

at ''Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule'' (

ETH Zurich ETH Zurich (; ) is a public university in Zurich, Switzerland. Founded in 1854 with the stated mission to educate engineers and scientists, the university focuses primarily on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. ETH Zurich ran ...

), where one of his early influences was

geologist A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and History of Earth, history of Earth. Geologists incorporate techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography to perform research in the Field research, ...

Albert Heim Albert Heim (12 April 184931 August 1937) was a Swiss geologist, noted for his three-volume ''Geologie der Schweiz''. Born in Zürich, he was educated at Zürich and Berlin universities. Very early in life he became interested in the physical fe ...

(1849–1937). Following his habilitation in 1878, he worked as an assistant to Carl Eduard Cramer (1831–1901). In 1883 he succeeded

Oswald Heer Oswald Heer (or Oswald von Heer) (31 August 1809 – 27 September 1883), Swiss geologist and naturalist, was born at Niederuzwil in Canton of St. Gallen and died in Lausanne. Biography Oswald Heer was educated as a clergyman at Halle and t ...

(1809–1883) as professor of botany at ETH Zurich, a position he kept until 1926. Schröter was a pioneer in the fields of

phytogeography Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution ...

and

phytosociology Phytosociology, also known as phytocoenology or simply plant sociology, is the study of groups of species of plant that are usually found together. Phytosociology aims to Empirical evidence, empirically describe the vegetative environment of a giv ...

. He introduced the concept of "autecology" to explain the relationship of an individual plant with its external environment, and " synecology" to express relationships between plant communities and external influences. In 1910 with Charles Flahault (1852–1935), he released ''Rapport sur la nomenclature phytogéographique'' (Reports on phytogeographical nomenclature), and with

Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler (11 August 1852 in Safnern – 7 April 1935) was a Swiss agriculturalist and ethnographer. History Following classes at the agricultural school in Rütti, he studied agriculture at the Universities of Halle and Lei ...

(1852-1935), he was co-author of ''Die besten Futterpflanzen'', etc. (1883–1884), a work involving forage crop cultivation and economics. It was later translated into English, and published with the title, "The best forage plants: fully described and figured with a complete account of their cultivation, economic value, impurities and adulterants, &c" (1889). With Stebler he issued the

exsiccata Exsiccata (Latin, ''gen.'' -ae, ''plur.'' -ae) is a work with "published, uniform, numbered set of preserved specimens distributed with printed labels". Typically, exsiccatae are numbered collections of dried herbarium Biological specimen, spe ...

series ''Schweizerische Gräser-Sammlung'' from 1888 to 1892. With geographer Johann Jakob Früh, he was co-author of a book on Swiss

moorland Moorland or moor is a type of Habitat (ecology), habitat found in upland (geology), upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands and the biomes of montane grasslands and shrublands, characterised by low-growing vegetation on So ...

s, titled ''Die Moore der Schweiz : mit Berücksichtigung der gesamten Moorfrage'' (1904).Most widely held works by Johann Jacob Früh
WorldCat Identities

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* {{DEFAULTSORT:Schroter, Carl Joseph 19th-century Swiss botanists Phytogeographers Academic staff of ETH Zurich People from Esslingen am Neckar 1855 births 1939 deaths 20th-century Swiss botanists ETH Zurich alumni