Cardiopteridaceae is a

eudicot The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s. It consists of about 43

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...

s, and woody

vine A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.Jackson; Benjamin; Da ...

s, mostly of the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

, but with a few in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...

regions.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . It contains six

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

, the largest of which is '' Citronella'', with 21 species. The other genera are much smaller.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. '' Citronella mucronata'' is grown as an ornamental for its attractively shiny leaves and fragrant flowers.

Anthony Huxley Anthony Julian Huxley (2 December 1920 – 26 December 1992) was a British botanist and writer. An elected council member of the Royal Horticultural Society, he became its vice president in 1991. He edited '' Amateur Gardening'' from 1967 to 19 ...

, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. (set). A

tea Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of '' Camellia sinensis'', an evergreen shrub native to East Asia which probably originated in the borderlands of south-western China and nor ...

is made from the leaves of '' Citronella gongonha'' which is similar to

yerba mate Yerba mate or yerba maté (), ''Ilex paraguariensis'', is a plant species of the holly genus native to South America. It was named by the French botanist Augustin Saint-Hilaire. The leaves of the plant can be steeped in hot water to make a bev ...

. The APG III classification (2009) places them in the order

Aquifoliales The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including the Aquifoliaceae (holly) family, and also the Helwingiaceae (2-5 species of temperate Asian shrubs) and the Phyllonomaceae (4 species of Central American trees and shrubs). In 2001, ...

. This order consists of Cardiopteridaceae, its

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to ref ...

family, Stemonuraceae, and the three

monogeneric In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...

families

Phyllonomaceae ''Phyllonoma'' is a genus consisting of 4 species of trees and shrubs. ''Phyllonoma'' is the sole genus in the family Phyllonomaceae (an alternative name for the family is Dulongiaceae). ''Phyllonoma'' species are native to South and Central Amer ...

Helwingiaceae The genus ''Helwingia'' consists of shrubs or rarely small trees native to eastern Asia, the Himalayas, and northern Indochina. It is the only genus in the family Helwingiaceae. Description The plants have alternate, evergreen or deciduous leave ...

, and

Aquifoliaceae ''Ilex'' () or holly is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. ''Ilex'' has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen or ...

.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Aquifoliales" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)

The family name

The family Cardiopteridaceae was established by

Carl Ludwig Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796 – 3 February 1862) was a German-Dutch botanist and entomologist who spent most of his professional life in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. As deputy director of agricul ...

in 1847 James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below). when he described the species ''Cardiopteris moluccana''.Carl Ludwig Blume. 1847. ''Rumphia'' 3:205. Blume based his new family on ''Cardiopteris'', a

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A person ...

that had previously been used by John RoyleJohn Forbes Royle. 1839. "Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains":136. William H. Allen & Co.: London, England. (see ''External links'' below). and

Nathaniel Wallich Nathaniel Wolff Wallich (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a surgeon and botanist of Danish origin who worked in India, initially in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the Danish East India Company and the British East Indi ...

,Nathaniel Wallich. ''Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company / which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the botanic garden at Calcutta''. number 8033. (publisher not named). London, 1828-1849. (see ''External links'' below). but not validly published.Reinier C. Bakhuizen van den Brink and Cornelis G.G.J. van Steenis. 1962. "Cardiopteris or Peripterygium?" ''Taxon'' 11(1):28-29. In 1843, Justus Hasskarl had published the name ''Peripterygium quinqueloba'' for what is now ''Cardiopteris quinqueloba''.Justus Hasskarl. 1843. page 142. In: "Annotationes de plantis quibusdam Javanicis nonnullisque Japonicis, e Catalogo Horti Bogoriensis. Accedunt nonnullae novae species". ''Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie'' 10:115-150. (see ''External links'' below). Blume indicated his awareness of Hasskarl's plant and included it as another species of ''Cardiopteris'' when he published ''Cardiopteris moluccana''.Hermann Otto Sleumer. 1972. "Cardiopteridaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana, series 1'' 7(1):93-96. A complex nomenclatural dispute ensued and lasted well into the twentieth century.Arthur A. Bullock. 1957. "Nomenclatural Notes.-II. Cardiopteridaceae". ''Kew Bulletin'' 12(2):356. (see ''External links'' below). Because the

basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botan ...

, ''Cardiopteris'', was in question, the corresponding family name Cardiopteridaceae was in question as well. The

ICBN The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN or ICNafp) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all tho ...

finally conserved the name ''Cardiopteris'' against ''Peripterygium''.

Circumscription

Prior to the seminal study by Kårehed in 2001, Cardiopteridaceae had consisted of only ''Cardiopteris''. For example, Hermann Sleumer considered it to be monogeneric in his treatment of the family for Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien in 1942.Hermann Sleumer. 1942. "Icacinaceae" pages 322-396. In: H.G. Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl, with Hermann Harms and Johannes Mattfeld (editors). ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' volume 20b. Duncker and Humblot: Berlin, Germany. 1960 reprint of 1942 publication. John Hutchinson did likewise in 1973.John Hutchinson ''The Families of Flowering Plants'' 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press. In 2001, Icacinaceae was shown to be

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

.Jesper Kårehed. 2001. "Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 88(12):2259-2274. It has since been divided into five segregate families: Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae,

Pennantiaceae ''Pennantia'' is the sole genus in the plant family Pennantiaceae. In older classifications, it was placed in the family Icacinaceae. Most authorities have recognised three or four species, depending on whether they recognised '' Pennantia bayli ...

Metteniusaceae Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just '' Mette ...

, and

Icacinaceae The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family (biology), family of flowering plants,"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see ''External links'' below). consisting of trees, shrub ...

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

. Icacinaceae sensu stricto will eventually be divided further.Frederic Lens, Jesper Kårehed, Pieter Baas, Steven Jansen, David Rabaey, Suzy Huysmans, Thomas Hamann and Erik Smets. 2008. "The wood anatomy of the polyphyletic Icacinaceae s.l., and their relationships within asterids". ''Taxon'' 57(2):525-552. In the 2001 study of Icacinaceae, Kårehed transferred ''Citronella, Gonocaryum,'' and ''Leptaulus'' from Icacinaceae to Cardiopteridaceae. He also provisionally placed ''Metteniusa, Dendrobangia,'' and ''Pseudobotrys'' there as well, until further studies could give some firm indication of their true relationships. In 2007, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study showed that ''Metteniusa'' belongs to a group of

asterids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...

known as the

lamiids Asterids are a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked clades lamiids (8 orders) and ...

.Favio González, Julio Betancur, Olivier Maurin, John V. Freudenstein, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade". ''Taxon'' 56(3):795-800. The order Aquifoliales, which includes Cardiopteridaceae, belongs to another asterid group called

campanulids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...

.Richard C. Winkworth, Johannes Lundberg, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". ''Taxon'' 57(1):53-65. The inclusion of '' Pseudobotrys'' in Cardiopteridaceae remains doubtful. DNA sequences submitted to GenBank in 2009 indicate that '' Dendrobangia'' does not belong in Cardiopteridaceae and is more closely related to genera like Apodytes. Cardiopteridaceae,

sensu ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

Kårehed, is rather diverse in spite of having only six genera. Because of the distinctive

structure A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as ...

of ''Cardiopteris'', some authors today, continue to put ''Cardiopteris'' in a family by itself.Timothy M.A. Utteridge and Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Leptaulaceae" pages 191-192. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . The other five genera are then placed in Leptaulaceae, a family created by Philippe van Tieghem in 1897.Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences'' 124:842. The

monophyly In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent comm ...

of Leptaulaceae has never been tested by

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

analysis of

DNA sequence A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nu ...

The family name

Circumscription

References

External links