Carcharhiniformes

Carcharhiniformes ( from Classical Greek ' (karcharos) 'sharp/jagged' and ' (rhinos) 'nose', plus Latin ''forme'' 'shape'), commonly known as ground sharks, are the largest order of sharks, with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such as catsharks, swellsharks, and requiem sharks.

Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eye, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits.

The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent DNA studies show that some of the conventional groups are not monophyletic.

The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-Late Jurassic, which have teeth and body forms that are morphologically similar to living catsharks. Carchariniformes first underwent major diversification during the Late Cretaceous, initially as mostly small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during the Cenozoic.

Families

Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes classifies the Carcharhiniformes into two suborders and nine families:
*Suborder Scyliorhinoidei
**Family Scyliorhinidae Gill, 1862 (catsharks)
*Suborder Carcharhinoidei
**Family Atelomycteridae E. G. White, 1936 (coloured catsharks)
**Family Pentanchidae Smith, 1912 (deepwater catsharks)
**Family Dichichthyidae W. T. White, Stewart, Reuben
O'Neill & Naylor, 2024 (bristle sharks)
**Family Pseudotriakidae Gill, 1893 (false catsharks)
**Family Proscylliidae Fowler, 1941 (finback catsharks)
**Family Leptochariidae Gray, 1851 (barbeled houndsharks)
**Family Triakidae Gray, 1851 (houndsharks)
***Subfamily Triakinae Gray, 1851 (smouth-hounds)
***Subfamily Galeorhininae Gill, 1862 (school sharks)
**Family Hemigaleidae J.C.F. Hasse, 1878 (weasel sharks)
**Family Carcharhinidae D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (requiem sharks)
**Family Galeocerdonidae Poey, 1875 (tiger sharks)
**Family Sphyrnidae Bonaparte, 1840 (hammerhead sharks)

Fossil genera

The following fossil genera of Carcharhiniformes are also known:

* Genus †'' Altusmirus'' Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2017
* Genus †'' Corysodon'' Saint-Seine, 1949
* Genus †'' Platyrhizodon'' Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013
* Genus †'' Vectiscyllium'' Duffin & Batchelor, 2024
* Family Carcharhinidae
** Genus †'' Abdounia'' Cappetta, 1980
** Genus †'' Archaeogaleus'' Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014
** Genus †'' Danogaleus'' Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
** Genus †'' Eogaleus'' Cappetta, 1975
** Genus †'' Eorhincodon'' Li, 1997
** Genus †'' Fornicatus'' Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2018
** Genus †'' Kruckowlamna'' Laurito Mora, 1999
** Genus †'' Misrichthys'' Case & Cappetta, 1990
** Genus †'' Pseudabdounia'' Ebersole, Cicimurri & Stringer, 2019
* Family † Florenceodontidae Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
** Genus †'' Florenceodon'' Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
* Family Hemigaleidae
** Genus †'' Moerigaleus'' Underwood & Ward, 2011
* Family Galeocerdonidae
** Genus †'' Physogaleus'' Cappetta, 1980
* Family † Pseudoscyliorhinidae Stumpf, Scheer & Kriwet, 2019
** Genus †'' Diprosopovenator'' Stumpf, Scheer & Kriwet, 2019
** Genus †'' Pseudoscyliorhinus'' Müller & Diedrich, 1991
* Family Pentanchidae
** Genus †'' Pseudoapristurus'' Pollerspöck & Straube, 2017
* Family Proscyllidae
** Genus †'' Praeproscyllium'' Underwood & Ward, 2004
* Family Scyliorhinidae
** Genus †'' Bavariscyllium'' Thies, 2005
** Genus †'' Cadiera'' Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014
** Genus †'' Casieria'' Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
** Genus †'' Crassescyliorhinus'' Underwood & Ward, 2008
** Genus †'' Cretascyliorhinus'' Underwood & Mitchell, 1999
** Genus †'' Foumtizia'' Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
** Genus †'' Megascyliorhinus'' Cappetta & Ward, 1977
** Genus †'' Microscyliorhinus'' Case, 1994
** Genus †''Orthodon'' Coquand, 1860
** Genus †'' Pachyscyllium'' Reinecke, Moths, Grant & Breitkreuz, 2005
** Genus †'' Palaeoscyllium'' Wagner, 1857
** Genus †'' Platyrhizoscyllium'' Adnet, 2006
** Genus †'' Porodermoides'' Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
** Genus †'' Premontreia'' Cappetta, 1992
** Genus †'' Prohaploblepharus'' Underwood & Ward, 2008
** Genus †'' Protoscyliorhinus'' Herman, 1977
** Genus †'' Pteroscyllium'' Cappetta, 1980
** Genus †'' Scyliorhinotheca'' Kiel, Peckmann & Simon, 2013
** Genus †'' Sigmoscyllium'' Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013
** Genus †'' Stenoscyllium'' Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
** Genus †'' Thiesus'' Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014
** Genus †'' Tingaleus'' Cappetta, 1993
* Family Triakidae
** Genus †'' Archaeotriakis'' Case, 1978
** Genus †'' Gomphogaleus'' Adnet & Cappetta, 2008
** Genus †'' Kallodentis'' Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017
** Genus †'' Khouribgaleus'' Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
** Genus †'' Meridiogaleus'' Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017
** Genus †'' Pachygaleus'' Cappetta, 1992
** Genus †'' Palaeogaleus'' Gurr, 1962
** Genus †'' Palaeotriakis'' Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013
** Genus †'' Rhaibodus'' Böhm, 1926
** Genus †'' Squatigaleus'' Cappetta, 1989
** Genus †'' Xystrogaleus'' Adnet, 2006

References

Further reading

* Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013
Fish Identification: Ground sharks
in FishBase. March 2013 version.
*

External links

Order Carcharhiniformes

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Articles which contain graphical timelines
Cartilaginous fish orders
Taxa named by Leonard Compagno
Extant Albian first appearances