ε-Caprolactone or simply caprolactone is a
lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated.
Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresp ...
(a cyclic
ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (either organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group () of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R). These compounds contain a distin ...
) possessing a seven-membered ring. Its name is derived from
caproic acid. This colorless liquid is miscible with most organic solvents and water. It was once produced on a large scale as a precursor to
caprolactam
Caprolactam (CPL) is an organic compound with the chemical formula, formula (CH2)5C(O)NH. This colourless solid is a lactam (a cyclic amide) of caproic acid. Global demand for this compound is approximately five million tons per year, and the vast ...
.
Production and uses
Caprolactone is prepared industrially by
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of
cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)5CO. The molecule consists of six-carbon cyclic molecule with a ketone functional group. This colorless oily liquid has a sweet odor reminiscent of benzaldehyde. Over time, samples of ...
with
peracetic acid
Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or Percidine) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. This peroxy acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid. It can be highly corrosive.
Perac ...
.
Caprolactone is a monomer used in the production of highly specialised
polymer
A polymer () is a chemical substance, substance or material that consists of very large molecules, or macromolecules, that are constituted by many repeat unit, repeating subunits derived from one or more species of monomers. Due to their br ...
s.
Ring-opening polymerization, for example, gives
polycaprolactone
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a synthetic, semi-crystalline, biodegradable polyester with a melting point of about 60 °C and a glass transition temperature of about −60 °C. The most common use of polycaprolactone is in the production ...
.
Another polymer is
polyglecaprone, used as suture material in surgery.
Reactions
Although no longer economical, caprolactone was once produced as a precursor to caprolactam. Caprolactone is treated with ammonia at elevated temperatures to give the lactam:
:(CH
2)
5CO
2 + NH
3 → (CH
2)
5C(O)NH + H
2O
Carbonylation
In chemistry, carbonylation refers to reactions that introduce carbon monoxide (CO) into organic and inorganic substrates. Carbon monoxide is abundantly available and conveniently reactive, so it is widely used as a reactant in industrial chemis ...
of caprolactone gives, after hydrolysis,
pimelic acid. The lactone ring is easily opened with nucleophiles including alcohols and water to give polylactones and eventually the 6-hydroxyadipic acid.
Related compounds
Several other caprolactones are known, including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-caprolactones. All are chiral. (''R'')-γ-caprolactone is a component of
floral scent
Floral scent, or flower scent, is composed of all the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or aroma compounds, emitted by floral tissue (e.g. flower petals). Other names for floral scent include, aroma, fragrance, floral odour or perfume. Flower sce ...
s and of the aromas of some fruits and vegetables, and is also produced by the
Khapra beetle as a
pheromone
A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavio ...
. δ-caprolactone is found in heated milk fat.
An ether of caprolactone is used as a binder for
AP/
AN/
Al rocket propellant HTCE: Hydroxy-Terminated Caprolactone Ether
HTCE
/ref>
Safety
Caprolactone hydrolyses rapidly and the resulting hydroxycarboxylic acid displays unexceptional toxicity, as is common for the other hydroxycarboxylic acids.[
] It is known to cause severe eye irritation. Exposure may result in corneal injury.
References
{{Authority control
Epsilon-lactones
Monomers
Oxepanes