The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

New World monkeys New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboide ...

, including

marmoset The marmosets (), also known as zaris or sagoin, are twenty-two New World monkey species of the genera '' Callithrix'', '' Cebuella'', '' Callibella'', and ''Mico''. All four genera are part of the biological family Callitrichidae. The term ...

s, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family

Cebidae The Cebidae are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Extant members are the capuchin and squirrel monkeys. These species are found throughout tropical and subtropical South and Central America. Characteristics Cebid m ...

. This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved. However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.Naish, Darren
Marmosets and tamarins: dwarfed monkeys of the South American tropics

Scientific American ''Scientific American'', informally abbreviated ''SciAm'' or sometimes ''SA'', is an American popular science magazine. Many scientists, including Albert Einstein and Nikola Tesla, have contributed articles to it, with more than 150 Nobel Pri ...

November 27, 2012 Ancestral stem-callitrichids likely were "normal-sized" ceboids that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the

Amazon Basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributary, tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries ...

. All callitrichids are

arboreal Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally (scansorial), but others are exclusively arboreal. The hab ...

. They are the smallest of the

simian The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkey, Platyrrhini (New World mon ...

primate Primates is an order (biology), order of mammals, which is further divided into the Strepsirrhini, strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and Lorisidae, lorisids; and the Haplorhini, haplorhines, which include Tarsiiformes, tarsiers a ...

s. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree

exudate An exudate is a fluid released by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation. ''Exudate'' is derived from ''exude'' 'to ooze' from Latin language, Latin 'to (ooze out) sweat' (' 'out' and ' 'to sweat'). Medi ...

s, with some species (e.g. '' Callithrix jacchus'' and '' Cebuella pygmaea'') considered

obligate {{wiktionary, obligate As an adjective, obligate means "by necessity" (antonym '' facultative'') and is used mainly in biology in phrases such as: * Obligate aerobe, an organism that cannot survive without oxygen * Obligate anaerobe, an organism ...

exudativores. Callitrichids typically live in small,

territorial A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, belonging or connected to a particular country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually a geographic area which has not been granted the powers of self-government, ...

groups of about five or six animals. Their

social organization In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, struc ...

is unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring. They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in the

cotton-top tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (''Saguinus oedipus'') is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily reco ...

(''Saguinus oedipus''), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females.Cleveland and Snowdon. Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin ('' Saguinus o. oedipus'').

Animal Behaviour Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behavior, behaviour of non-human animals. It has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithology, ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th cen ...

(1984) vol. 32 (2) pp. 432-444 The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.

Species and subspecies list

Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are: *Family Callitrichidae ** Genus ''

Saguinus The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus ''Saguinus''. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Go ...

'' *** Subgenus ''

'' **** Red-handed tamarin, ''Saguinus midas'' **** Western black tamarin, ''Saguinus niger'' **** Eastern black-handed tamarin, ''Saguinus ursulus'' ****

Pied tamarin The pied tamarin (''Saguinus bicolor''), sometimes referred to as the Brazilian bare-faced tamarin, is a critically endangered species of primate found in a restricted area of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. It was named the mascot of Manaus, Ma ...

, ''Saguinus bicolor'' **** Martins's tamarin, ''Saguinus martinsi'' ***** ''Saguinus martinsi martinsi'' ***** ''Saguinus martinsi ochraceus'' **** White-footed tamarin, ''Saguinus leucopus'' ****

Cottontop tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (''Saguinus oedipus'') is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recog ...

, ''Saguinus oedipus'' **** Geoffroy's tamarin, ''Saguinus geoffroyi'' *** Subgenus '' Tamarinus'' **** Moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax'' *****

Spix's moustached tamarin The moustached tamarin (''Saguinus mystax'') is a New World monkey and a species of tamarin. The moustached tamarin is named for the lack of coloring in the facial hair surrounding their mouth, appearing similar to a moustache. As with all New Wo ...

, ''Saguinus mystax mystax'' ***** Red-capped moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pileatus'' ***** White-rump moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pluto'' **** White-lipped tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus'' ***** Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus labiatus'' ***** Gray's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus rufiventer'' ***** Thomas's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus thomasi'' ****

Emperor tamarin The emperor tamarin (''Saguinus imperator'') is a species of tamarin monkey allegedly named for its beard's resemblance to the German Empire, German List_of_German_monarchs#German_Empire,_1871–1918, emperor Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm I ...

, ''Saguinus imperator'' ***** Black-chinned emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator imperator'' ***** Bearded emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens'' **** Mottle-faced tamarin, ''Saguinus inustus'' ** Genus '' Leontocebus'' *** Black-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis'' **** Spix's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis nigricollis'' **** Graells's tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi'' **** Hernández-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis hernandezi'' ***

Brown-mantled tamarin The brown-mantled tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscicollis''), also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This Omnivore, ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis'' **** Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis avilapiresi'' **** Spix's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis fuscicollis'' **** Mura's saddleback tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis mura'' **** Lako's saddleback tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis primitivus'' *** Andean saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus leucogenys'' *** Lesson's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscus'' *** Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus cruzlimai'' *** Weddell's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli'' **** Weddell's tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli weddelli'' **** Crandall's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli crandalli'' **** White-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus'' *** Golden-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus tripartitus'' *** Illiger's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus illigeri'' *** Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus lagonotus'' *** Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigrifrons'' ** Genus '' Leontopithecus'' ***

Golden lion tamarin The golden lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus rosalia''; ), less commonly known as the golden lion marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Endemic to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the golden lion tamarin is a ...

, ''Leontopithecus rosalia'' *** Golden-headed lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus chrysomelas'' *** Black lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus chrysopygus'' *** Superagui lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus caissara'' ** Genus '' Patasola'' *** '' Patasola magdalenae'' ** Genus '' Micodon'' *** '' Micodon kiotensis'' ** Genus '' Callimico'' *** Goeldi's marmoset, ''Callimico goeldii'' ** Genus ''

Mico Mico may refer to: People * Mićo Janić (born 1979), Croatian sprint canoer * Mićo Ljubibratić (1839–1889), Serbian revolutionary * Mico Palanca (1978–2019), Filipino actor * Mićo Smiljanić (born 1974), Serbian/Montenegrin footballer * Mi ...

'' *** Silvery marmoset, ''Mico argentatus'' *** Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, ''Mico humilis'' *** White marmoset, ''Mico leucippe'' *** Black-tailed marmoset, ''Mico melanurus'' *** Schneider's marmoset, ''Mico schneideri'' *** Hershkovitz's marmoset, ''Mico intermedius'' *** Emilia's marmoset, ''Mico emiliae'' *** Black-headed marmoset, ''Mico nigriceps'' ***

Marca's marmoset The Marca's marmoset (''Mico marcai'') is a species of marmoset that is endemic to the Amazon, in the Aripuanã- Manicoré interfluvium in Brazil. Its body is light grey, with orange legs, a black tail, a pinkish face, and naked ears. It is abou ...

, ''Mico marcai'' *** Santarem marmoset, ''Mico humeralifer'' *** Gold-and-white marmoset, ''Mico chrysoleucos'' *** Maués marmoset, ''Mico mauesi'' *** Sateré marmoset, ''Mico saterei'' *** Rio Acarí marmoset, ''Mico acariensis'' *** Rondon's marmoset, ''Mico rondoni'' *** Munduruku marmoset, ''Mico munduruku'' ** Genus ''

Cebuella Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus ''Cebuella''. They are native to Amazon rainforest, rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in th ...

'' *** Western pygmy marmoset, ''Cebuella pygmaea'' *** Eastern pygmy marmoset, ''Cebuella niveiventris'' ** Genus '' Callithrix'' *** Common marmoset, ''Callithrix jacchus'' *** Black-tufted marmoset, ''Callithrix penicillata'' *** Wied's marmoset, ''Callithrix kuhlii'' *** White-headed marmoset, ''Callithrix geoffroyi'' *** Buffy-tufted marmoset, ''Callithrix aurita'' *** Buffy-headed marmoset, ''Callithrix flaviceps''

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q574338 Primate families Primates of South America Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas Taxa described in 1903