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The primary languages of
Calabria Calabria is a Regions of Italy, region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by the region Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian S ...
are the
Italian language Italian (, , or , ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. It evolved from the colloquial Latin of the Roman Empire. Italian is the least divergent language from Latin, together with Sardinian language, Sardinian. It is ...
as well as regional varieties of Extreme Southern Italian and
Neapolitan language Neapolitan (Exonym and endonym, autonym: ; ) is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance languages, Italo-Romance group spoken in most of continental Southern Italy. It is named after the Kingdom of Naples, which once covered most of the area, ...
s, all collectively known as Calabrian (). In addition, there are speakers of the Arbëresh variety of Albanian, as well as
Calabrian Greek Calabrian Greek (endonym: , ; Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts o ...
.


Calabrian (''calabrese'')

Calabrian (
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
: ) refers to the Romance varieties spoken in
Calabria Calabria is a Regions of Italy, region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by the region Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian S ...
,
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
. The varieties of Calabria are part of a strong
dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ...
that are generally recognizable as Calabrian, but that are usually divided into two different language groups: *In the southern two-thirds of the region, the Calabrian varieties are grouped as Central-Southern Calabrian, and are usually classified as part of Extreme Southern Italian (''italiano meridionale estremo'') language group *In the northern one-third of the region, the Calabrian dialects are often classified typologically with
Neapolitan language Neapolitan (Exonym and endonym, autonym: ; ) is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance languages, Italo-Romance group spoken in most of continental Southern Italy. It is named after the Kingdom of Naples, which once covered most of the area, ...
(it: ) and are called Northern Calabrian or just Cosentian. The Amantea- Cirò line is generally considered an approximate demarcation between the Neapolitan and Extreme Southern Italian groups. The linguistic division roughly corresponds with the historic administrative division already in place since medieval times: ''Calabria Citeriore'' (or Latin Calabria) and ''Calabria Ulteriore'' (or Greek Calabria). This is a broad generalization and many communities in the more central parts of the region exhibit features of both language groups. The dialects of Calabria have been extensively studied, catalogued and commented upon by German
philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also defined as the study of ...
Gerhard Rohlfs Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist. He taught Romance languages and literature at the universities in Tübingen and Munich. He was described as an "archeologist of words". Biography Rohlfs was born i ...
. From the mid-1920s to the mid-1970s, he traveled the region extensively and assembled a very extensive, multi-volume dictionary.


Central–Southern Calabrian

The areas where Central–Southern Calabrian ( or , in Sicilian) is spoken corresponds generally to the provinces of
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria (; ), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the List of cities in Italy, largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria. As ...
, Vibo Valentia,
Catanzaro Catanzaro (; or ; ), also known as the "City of the two Seas" (), is an Italian city of 86,183 inhabitants (2020), the capital of the Calabria region and of its province and the second most populated comune of the region, behind Reggio Calabr ...
, the southern part of
Crotone Crotone (; ; or ) is a city and ''comune'' in Calabria, Italy. Founded as the Achaean colony of Kroton ( or ; ), it became a great Greek city, home of the renowned mathematician-philosopher Pythagoras amongst other famous citizens, and one ...
(
Crotone Crotone (; ; or ) is a city and ''comune'' in Calabria, Italy. Founded as the Achaean colony of Kroton ( or ; ), it became a great Greek city, home of the renowned mathematician-philosopher Pythagoras amongst other famous citizens, and one ...
,
Isola di Capo Rizzuto Isola di Capo Rizzuto (; ) is a (municipality) in the province of Crotone, Calabria Calabria is a Regions of Italy, region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by the region Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the ...
,
Cutro Cutro ( Calabrian: ; Greek: ''Kytèrion'') is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Crotone, Calabria region, Italy. It holds the name "City of chess". It is also the birthplace of Vincenzo Iaquinta, a World Cup-winning footballer who playe ...
and vicinity) and southern
Cilento Cilento () is an Italian mountain range (part of the Lucan Apennines), which gives its name to a geographical region of Campania in the central and southern part of the province of Salerno. Is an important tourist area of southern Italy. ...
. The term ''Sicilian-Calabrian'' is also used to distinguish the group from the Northern Calabrian group. It comprises Central Calabrian and Southern Calabrian. The primary roots of the dialects is
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
. Southern and Central Calabrian dialects are strongly influenced by a
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
substratum Substrata, plural of substratum, may refer to: *Earth's substrata, the geologic layering of the Earth *''Hypokeimenon'', sometimes translated as ''substratum'', a concept in metaphysics *Substrata (album), a 1997 ambient music album by Biosphere * ...
and ensuing levels of Latin influence and other external Southern Italian superstrata, in part hindered by geography, resulted in the many local variations found between the idioms of Calabria. Nonetheless, the dialects have some influence from other languages, thanks to the periodic rule and influx of other cultures. As a result, French,
Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts o ...
and Spanish have left an imprint. French and Norman vocabulary entered the region via the kingdoms of the
Normans The Normans (Norman language, Norman: ''Normaunds''; ; ) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norsemen, Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia. The Norse settlements in West Franc ...
and the Angevins in Calabria. Other words derived from Spanish, Catalan, and
Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts o ...
: * – (Spanish) – head * – (Spanish) – rifle * – (Catalan) – tissue * – (Catalan) – precipitation * – (Catalan) – abrupt * – (Occitan, French, Provençal) – light up * – (Spanish) – trip


Conjugations


Èssiri (to be)

The center right to Far Right groups like to prefe more north Italian and German peoples to southern Italian so the centre right to right wing/imperialist so put more emphasis on Greek elements in Calabrian dialects to manipulate us to forget about the Norman and other north European influence


A(v)iri (to have)


Dialects

*Reggino dialect ("''u riggitanu''" in Reggino or, previuosly, also "''(l)u rijitanu''"): the dialect with the most speakers, and cites
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria (; ), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the List of cities in Italy, largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria. As ...
as its cultural centre. This dialect is very similar to the dialect of
Messina Messina ( , ; ; ; ) is a harbour city and the capital city, capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of 216,918 inhabitants ...
in Sicily. *Dialects of the Chjana: spoken in the plains of Gioia Tauro (Piana di Gioia Tauro), a micro-region situated north of
Aspromonte The Aspromonte is a mountain massif in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria (Calabria, southern Italy). In Italian aspro means "rough" whereas in Greek it means "white" (wikt:άσπρος, Άσπρος), therefore the name literally translat ...
. *Locride dialects: spoken on the east coast of the Province of Reggio Calabria. *
Catanzaro Catanzaro (; or ; ), also known as the "City of the two Seas" (), is an Italian city of 86,183 inhabitants (2020), the capital of the Calabria region and of its province and the second most populated comune of the region, behind Reggio Calabr ...
dialect used in the area of the Gulf of Squillace.


Comparison of the Central-Southern Calabrian Dialects

*
Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal D ...
in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. *In
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
: ''Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.''


Northern Calabrian (Cosentian)

The Northern Calabrian dialects are largely found in the
Province of Cosenza The province of Cosenza () is a province in the Calabria region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Cosenza. It contains 150 ''comuni'' (: ''comune''), listed at list of ''comuni'' of the province of Cosenza. The province of Cosenza contains ...
and are similar to the
Neapolitan language Neapolitan (Exonym and endonym, autonym: ; ) is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance languages, Italo-Romance group spoken in most of continental Southern Italy. It is named after the Kingdom of Naples, which once covered most of the area, ...
. The northern fringes are an area of transitional dialects which give way to
Campania Campania is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy located in Southern Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islan ...
n and Lucanian dialects. The map shows the Cosentian dialects (Ve) and transitional dialects (Vd) occurring in Cosenza province.


Conjugations


Esse (to be)


Avì (to have)


Comparison of Central-Southern and Northern Calabrian

*
Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal D ...
in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. *In
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
: ''Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.'' * In Reggino (Central-Southern Calabrian) and Cosentian (Northern Calabrian):


Bibliography

*
Gerhard Rohlfs Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist. He taught Romance languages and literature at the universities in Tübingen and Munich. He was described as an "archeologist of words". Biography Rohlfs was born i ...
, Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1990; *Gerhard Rohlfs, Dizionario dei Cognomi e Soprannomi in Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1979; *Gerhard Rohlfs, Dizionario toponomastico ed Onomastico della Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1990; *Giuseppe Pensabene, Cognomi e Toponimi in Calabria, Gangemi, Reggio Calabria, 1987; *G. Amiotti – M. Vittoria Antico Gallina – L. Giardino, I Greci nel sud dell'Italia, Amilcare Pizzi, Milan, 1995; * Domenico Caruso, Storia e Folklore Calabrese, Centro Studi S. Martino, 1988;


Other languages in Calabria

* Grecanico, a variety of
Italiot Greek Italiot Greek, also known as Italic-Greek, Salentino-Calabrian Greek or Apulia-Calabrian Greek, is a pair of varieties of Modern Greek spoken in Italy by the Griko people. The Italiot Greek varieties are spoken in areas of southern Italy, a his ...
spoken in Calabria. Native Italian Greek varieties are classified as the Grecanico of
modern Greek Modern Greek (, or , ), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the language sometimes referred to ...
. * Gardiol, a variety of
Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts o ...
spoken in
Guardia Piemontese Guardia Piemontese ( Occitan: ''La Gàrdia'') is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Cosenza and the region of Calabria in southern Italy. Location and language Guardia Piemontese is located about 55 km northwest of Cosenza o ...
. * Arbëresh, a dialect of the
Albanian language Albanian (Endonym and exonym, endonym: , , or ) is an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid, Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan languages, Paleo-Balkan group. It ...
.


Bibliography

Italian bibliography: * Autori Vari, ''Storia e Civiltà dei Greci'', Bompiani, IV edizione 2000; * Autori Vari, ''Storia della Calabria'', Gangemi,
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria (; ), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the List of cities in Italy, largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria. As ...
, 1988/1999. * Luigi Accattatis, Vocabolario del dialetto calabrese: opera in 3 volumi, Casa del libro, 1963; *Alessio, G. 1931-2, Rec. a G. Rohlfs, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität, «Archivio Storico per la Calabria e Lucania», I-II, 1-56; 261–273. *Alessio, G. 1934. Il sostrato Latino nel lessico e nell'epotoponomastica dell'Italia meridionale, in «L’Italia Dialettale» X 1934, 111–190. Alessio, G. 1936. Note etimologiche, «L’Italia Dialettale» XII, 59–81. *Alessio, G. 1936a, Ricerche etimologiche, «AGI» XXVIII, 151–171. Alessio, G. 1937. Ricerche etimologiche (continuazione), «AGI» XXIX, 120–137. *Alessio, G. 1937–8. Deformazione ed etimologia popolare nei dialetti dell'Italia meridionale, «Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Classe di Lettere e scienze morali e storiche» 71, 357–407. *Alessio, G. 1938 sgg. Nuovo contributo al problema della grecità nell'Italia meridionale, «RIL» LXII, 109–137; 137–172; LXXIV, 1940–1, 631–706, LXXVII, 1943–44, 617–706; LXXIV, 1940–1, 631–706; LXXVII, 1943–4, 617–706; 137–172; LXXIX, 1945–46, 65–92. *Alessio, G. 1939a. Gli imprestiti dal Latino nei relitti bizantini dei dialetti dell'Italia meridionale, in Atti del V Congr. int. di studi bizantini, I, Roma («Studi bizantini e neoellenici» V, 1939), 341–90. *Alessio, G. 1940 sgg. Nuovi grecismi nei dialetti del Mezzogiorno d’Italia, «RFIC» 68, 256–263; 70, 1942, 47–53. *Alessio, G. 1941. Due problemi etimologici italiani meridionali, «AR» 25, 201–206. *Alessio G. 1942. Americanismi in Calabria, "Lingua Nostra" IV 1942, 41. *Alessio, G. 1942 a. Ricerche etimologiche (continuazione), "AGI" XXXIV, 23–35. *Alessio, G. 1942–3. L'elemento Latino e quello greco nei dialetti del Cilento, "RIL" LXXVI, 341–360. *Alessio, G. 1942-3 a. Problemi di etimologia romanza, "RIL" LXXVI, 161-172 (Parte I); 173-187 (Parte II). *Alessio, G. 1943–4. Nuove indagini sulla grecità dell'Italia meridionale, "RIL" 77, 27-106. *Alessio, G. 1946–7. Sulla latinità della Sicilia, "Atti della Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Palermo" S. IV, vol. VII (Parte seconda: Lettere), anno acc. 1946–7, Palermo, 287–510. *Alessio, G. 1948. Sulla latinità della Sicilia, "Atti della Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Palermo" S. IV, vol. VIII (1947-8), 1–309. *Alessio, G. 1953. Calchi linguistici greco-latini nell'antico territorio della Magna Grecia, Atti dell'VIII Congresso intern. di studi bizantini (Palermo 3-10 aprile 1951), 237–299. Roma. *Alessio, G. 1954. La stratificazione linguistica nel Bruzio, in Atti del I Congresso Storico Calabrese (Cosenza, 15-19 settembre 1954), Roma, 305–355. *Alessio, G. 1954a, Concordanze lessicali tra i dialetti rumeni e quelli calabresi, "Annali della Fac. di Lett. e Fil. di Bari" I, 3-53. *Alessio, G. 1956. La Calabria preistorica e storica alla luce dei suoi aspetti linguistici, Napoli, pp. 96. *Alessio, G. 1958. Miscellanea di etimologie romanze, in Omagiu ... Iordan, 5-14. *Alessio, G. 1959. Nuove etimologie latine e romanze, in Raccolta di studi linguistici in onore di G. D. Serra, Napoli, 53-104. * G. Amiotti – M. Vittoria Antico Gallina – L. Giardino, ''I Greci nel sud dell'Italia'' (Collana: I popoli dell'Italia Antica), Amilcare Pizzi,
Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...
, 1995; * P. A. Carè, ''Vocabolario dei Dialetti del Poro'', Lambda,
Nicotera Nicotera ( Calabrian: ; ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Vibo Valentia, Calabria, southern Italy. History The origins of Nicòtera lie with the ancient Greek city of Medma, which was founded by the Locresis of Epizephyrian Lo ...
(VV), 2000; *Falcone, G. 1969. Indagini esplorative e delimitazioni areali nella Calabria reggina, «Bollettino della Carta dei Dialetti Italiani» 4, 1-9 + due cartine. *Falcone, G. 1971. Ricerche fonetiche e socio-linguistiche in Calabria, «Studi Linguistici Salentini» 4, 7-19. Falcone, G. 1971a. Ricerche romaiche e romanze in Calabria, «Studi Linguistici Salentini» 4, 53–98. *Falcone, G. 1971b. I risultati delle nuove ricerche romaiche in Calabria e la teoria parlangeliana. «Studi Linguistici Salentini», 5, 111–123; *Falcone, G. 1973. Lingua e dialetto nella Calabria reggina, in Bilinguismo e diglossia in Italia (C.N.R. - Centro di studio per la dialettologia italiana, 1) Pisa, Pacini, 97-108. *Falcone, G. 1974. Innovazione e conservazione nei dialetti calabresi, in Dal dialetto alla lingua. Atti del IX Convegno del C.S.D.I. (Lecce, 28 sett.-1 ott. 1972), Pisa, Pacini. *Falcone, G. 1976. Calabria (CNR, Centro di Studio per la Dialettologia Italiana, 5. "Profilo dei dialetti italiani" a cura di M. Cortelazzo, 18), Pisa, Pacini. *Falcone, G. 1976a. I riflessi antroponimici della Grecità bizantina e metabizantina nella Calabria reggina, in Italia nuova ed antica, vol. I, Galatina, Congedo ed., 301–318. *Falcone, G. 1978–9. Extralinguismo e stratificazione del lessico calabrese, "Studi Linguistici Salentini" 10, 137–154. *Falcone, G. 1979. Postille all'EWUG2 e all'NDDC, in Etimologia e lessico dialettale. Atti del XII Conv. per gli Studi Dialettali Italiani (Macerata, 10 13 aprile 1979), Pisa 1981, pp. 447–463. *Falcone, G. 1979 a. Racconti popolari calabresi, Casa del libro, Reggio Calabria. Falcone, G. 1981. Postille all'EWUG2 e all'NDDC, in Etimologia e lessico dialettale. Atti del XII * L. Galasso, ''Vocabolario Calabro-Italiano'', Edizioni Proposte,
Nicotera Nicotera ( Calabrian: ; ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Vibo Valentia, Calabria, southern Italy. History The origins of Nicòtera lie with the ancient Greek city of Medma, which was founded by the Locresis of Epizephyrian Lo ...
(VV), 1995. * Gregorino cav. Capano, Vocabolario dialettale San Sostene-Davoli (CZ), edito dalla Sudgrafica di Davoli Marina (CZ), settembre 2007. * Gregorino cav. Capano, Dizionario delle Cinque Calabrie + due, edito dalla Sudgrafica di Davoli Marina (CZ), novembre 2009. *Martino, P. 1978. Calabrese `ndrànghita, greco andragathía, in Opuscula I, vol. 8 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» dell'Istituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Roma, pp. 37–55. *Martino, P. 1980. L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, in «Atti dell'XI Congr. intern. SLI», vol.I, pp. 305–341, Roma, Bulzoni. *Martino, P. 1988. Per la storia della 'ndrànghita, vol. 25,1 del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (Opuscula III,1), Roma. *Martino, P. 1990. 'Ndrànghita, in «Storia e Dossier» V, n. 41, giugno. *Martino, P. 1990a. Due esiti di un grecismo bizantino in Calabria, in «L'Italia Dialettale. Rivista di dialettologia italiana», vol. LIII (Nuova Serie XXX). *Martino, P. 1990b. Prefazione a G. Misitano, Vocabolario del dialetto di Sinopoli, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura -Jaca Book, pp. 6–8. *Martino, P. 1991. L'"area Lausberg". Isolamento e arcaicità, vol. 31 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, pp. 144 + 8 tavv. *Martino, P. 1993. Riflessi lessicali di una concezione precristiana della morte, in Ethnos, lingua e cultura. Scritti in memoria di G. R. Cardona, 143–154. Roma, Il Calamo. Martino, P. 1994. Siciliano e calabrese (ac)cattïari ‘spiare, sbirciare’, in Miscellanea di studi linguistici in onore di Walter Belardi, vol. II, pp. 629–665, Roma, Il Calamo. *Martino, P. 1997. Vicende di americanismi nei dialetti, in «Lingua Nostra» LVIII, fasc. 3–4, 109–110. *Martino, P. 1999. Questioni di lessicologia calabrese: i conflitti omonimici, Atti del Convegno di Studi sul tema I dialetti dell'Italia centro-meridionale con particolare riferimento a quelli della Calabria (Cassano Jonio 25-27 ott. 1996), in «Linguistica Italiana Meridionale», IV-V, 1996–97, Bari, Laterza. *Martino, P. 2001. Il lessico della Divina Commedia di G. Blasi. Nota linguistica, in La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri tradotta nel dialetto calabrese di Laureana (R.C.), a cura di Umberto Distilo, Cosenza, Pellegrini Ed., 627–782. *Martino, P. 2002. Il dialetto di Melicuccà, in Melicuccà e i suoi poeti, a c. di V. Borgia, Villa S. Giovanni, Ed. Officina Grafica, 29–46. *Martino, P. 2004. Sulla traduzione, Postfazione al Cantico dei cantici, Traduzione in dialetto calabrese di S. Augruso, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura. *Martino, P. 2008. Calabro-grecismi non bovesi, in I dialetti meridionali tra arcaismo e interferenza. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Dialettologia (Messina, 4-6 giugno 2008), a cura di Alessandro De Angelis. Palermo, Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani, pp. 63–84. *Martino, P. 2008a. L'affaire Bovesìa. Un singolare irredentismo, in Alloglossie e comunità alloglotte nell'Italia contemporanea, Atti del XLI Congresso Internazionale di Studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana (Pescara), in stampa. *Martino, P. 1978. Calabrese `ndrànghita, greco andragathía, in Opuscula I, vol. 8 della "Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche" dell'Istituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Roma, pp. 37–55. * Giuseppe Antonio Martino, ''Dizionario dei dialetti della Calabria Meridionale'', Qualecultura, Vibo Valentia 2010. *Martino, P. 1980. L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, in «Atti dell'XI Congr. intern. SLI», vol.I, pp. 305–341, Roma, Bulzoni. *Martino, P. 1988. Per la storia della 'ndrànghita, vol. 25,1 del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (Opuscula III,1), Roma. *Martino, P. 1990. 'Ndrànghita, in «Storia e Dossier» V, n. 41, giugno. Martino, P. 1990a. Due esiti di un grecismo bizantino in Calabria, in «L'Italia Dialettale. Rivista di dialettologia italiana», vol. LIII (Nuova Serie XXX). *Martino, P. 1990b. Prefazione a G. Misitano, Vocabolario del dialetto di Sinopoli, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura -Jaca Book, pp. 6–8. *Martino, P. 1991. L'"area Lausberg". Isolamento e arcaicità, vol. 31 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, pp. 144 + 8 tavv. *Martino, P. 1993. Riflessi lessicali di una concezione precristiana della morte, in Ethnos, lingua e cultura. Scritti in memoria di G. R. Cardona, 143–154. Roma, Il Calamo. *Martino, P. 1994. Siciliano e calabrese (ac)cattïari ‘spiare, sbirciare’, in Miscellanea di studi linguistici in onore di Walter Belardi, vol. II, pp. 629–665, Roma, Il Calamo. *Martino, P. 1997. Vicende di americanismi nei dialetti, in «Lingua Nostra» LVIII, fasc. 3–4, 109–110. *Martino, P. 1999. Questioni di lessicologia calabrese: i conflitti omonimici, Atti del Convegno di Studi sul tema I dialetti dell'Italia centro-meridionale con particolare riferimento a quelli della Calabria (Cassano Jonio 25-27 ott. 1996), in «Linguistica Italiana Meridionale», IV-V, 1996–97, Bari, Laterza. *Martino, P. 2001. Il lessico della Divina Commedia di G. Blasi. Nota linguistica, in La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri tradotta nel dialetto calabrese di Laureana (R.C.), a cura di Umberto Distilo, Cosenza, Pellegrini Ed., 627–782. *Martino, P. 2002. Il dialetto di Melicuccà, in Melicuccà e i suoi poeti, a c. di V. Borgia, Villa S. Giovanni, Ed. Officina Grafica, 29–46. Martino, P. 2004. Sulla traduzione, Postfazione al Cantico dei cantici, Traduzione in dialetto calabrese di S. Augruso, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura. *Martino, P. 2008. Calabro-grecismi non bovesi, in I dialetti meridionali tra arcaismo e interferenza. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Dialettologia (Messina, 4-6 giugno 2008), a cura di Alessandro De Angelis. Palermo, Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani, pp. 63–84. *Martino, P. 2008a. L'affaire Bovesìa. Un singolare irredentismo, in Alloglossie e comunità alloglotte nell'Italia contemporanea, Atti del XLI Congresso Internazionale di Studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana (Pescara), in stampa. Rohlfs, G. 1919–20. Span. judìa, kalabr. suraka 'Bohne', in "ZRPh" 40, p. 340. * F. Mosino, ''Dal Greco antico al Greco moderno in Calabria e Basilicata'', G. Pontari,
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria (; ), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the List of cities in Italy, largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria. As ...
, 1995; * Giuseppe Pensabene, ''Cognomi e Toponimi in Calabria'', Gangemi,
Reggio Calabria Reggio di Calabria (; ), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the List of cities in Italy, largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria. As ...
, 1987; *Rohlfs, G. 1922. Lat. ut 'wie' im heutigen Kalabrien, "ZRPh" 42, 210–211. Rohlfs, G. 1922 a, Apul. ku, kalabr. mu und der Verlust des Infinitivs in Unteritalien, "ZRPh" 42, 211–233. *Davide Roccamo, ''Welcome To Calabrifornia'', Edizioni Lulu, Rende (Cs), 2012; *Rohlfs, G. 1923. Zum Worte nasida, "Byzantinische-neugriechische Jahrbücher", 4, 17. Rohlfs, G. 1925 . Der Stand der Mundartenforschung in Unteritalien (bis zum Jahre 1923), in RLiR I, 278 323. Rohlfs, G. 1925 a. Dorische Sprachtrümmer in Unteritalien, "Byzantinische-neugriechische Jahrbücher", 4, 1–4. *Rohlfs, G. 1926. Romani e Romaici nell'Italia meridionale, "AGI", XX, 72–96. Rohlfs, G. 1928. Autochtone Griechen oder byzantinische Gräzität?, "Revue de Linguistique Romane", IV, n. 13–14, 118-200 *Rohlfs, G. 1928a. La Grecía italica, "Anthropos", 23, 1021–1028. Rohlfs, G. 1930. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität (= EWUG), Halle; poi: Lexicon Graecanicum Italiae Inferioris (LGII), Tübingen 19642, pp. XXX-629. *Rohlfs, G. 1932. La Grecità in Calabria, "Archivio Storico di Calabria e Lucania" II, 405–425. *Rohlfs, G. 1934. A proposito di Vitreto, (Vitaritu), in "Archivio Storico di Calabria e Lucania" IV, 75–76. Rohlfs, G. 1958. La perdita dell'infinito nelle lingue balcaniche e nell'Italia meridionale, in Omagiu lui Jorgu Jordan, București: Editura Academei R. P. R., 733–744; poi in Rohlfs 1972, 318–332. *Rohlfs, G. 1961. Su alcuni calchi sintattici dal greco nell'Italia meridionale, "Studi Linguistici Italiani", 2, 141-154 ull'uso del periodo ipotetico a Cardeto, Mélito, Ferruzzano, Platì e dintorni di Oppido e Palmi, ecc. *Rohlfs, G. 1964. Lexicon Graecanicum Italiae Inferioris. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität, 2., erweiterte und völlig neubearbeitete Auflage, Tübingen. *Rohlfs, G. 1965. La congiunzione mi (in sostituzione dell'infinito) in Sicilia, in Omagiu Alexandru Rosetti, Bucarest 1965, 775–778; poi in Rohlfs 1972, 1990, 333–338. *Rohlfs, G. 1966, 1968, 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, 1. Fonetica, 2. Morfologia, 3. Sintassi e formazione delle parole, Torino (ed. it. di Historische Grammatik der italienischen Sprache und ihres Mundarten, Bern 1949). *Rohlfs, G. 1969, Fra Sila e Aspromonte. Calabria dialettale, in Mélanges de philologie offerts à Alf Lombard (Etudes Romanes de Lund, XVIII), 178–190. Lund. *Rohlfs, G. 1969a. Die Flussnamen im heutigen Kalabrien, "BNF" 4, Heft 2, 114–142. Rohlfs, G. 1972. Studi e ricerche su lingua e dialetti d'Italia, Firenze, Sansoni; rist. con pref. di F. Fanciullo, Firenze, Sansoni, 1990. *Rohlfs, G. 1972a. Nuovi scavi linguistici nell'antica Magna Grecia, Palermo, Ist. di studi biz. e neoellenici, 1972; trad. it. di *Rohlfs 1962. ec. di M.G. Tibiletti Bruno in "Lingua e stile" X,1,1975, 134-7 *Rohlfs, G. 1974. Dizionario toponomastico e onomastico della Calabria. Prontuario filologico-geografico della Calabria, Ravenna, Longo ec. di M. Doria "Incontri Linguistici" 3/2, 1976–7, 199-209 *Rohlfs, G. 1977. Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria (con repertorio calabro italiano). Nuova edizione interamente rielaborata, ampliata ed aggiornata. Ravenna, Longo. *Rohlfs, G. 1977a. Grammatica storica dei dialetti italogreci (Calabria, Salento), München, Beck
rad. ital. di Rohlfs 1950 a The Radical Party (, ), officially the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party ( ), is a Liberalism and radicalism in France, liberal and Social liberalism, social-liberal List of political parties in France, political party in France ...
*Rohlfs, G. 1978. Calabria dialettale tra Monte Pollino e Aspromonte (Calabria Latina e Calabria grecanica), in «Forum Italicum» (Buffalo, N.Y.) 12, 3-10. *Rohlfs, G. 1979. Dizionario dei cognomi e dei soprannomi in Calabria. Ravenna, Longo. Rohlfs, G. 1980. Calabria e Salento. Saggi di storia linguistica. Ravenna, Longo. *Rohlfs, G. 1980a. Tipi del periodo ipotetico (condizionale) nell'estremo mezzogiorno d'Italia, in Stimmen der Romania. Festschrift Wilhelm Theodor Elwert zum 70. Geburtstag, a c. di G. Schmidt e M. Tietz, Wiesbaden, Heymann, 625–631. *Rohlfs, G. 1982. Ein archaischer phonetischer Latinismus in nördlichen ('lateinischer') Kalabrien, in "ZRPh" 98, 547–549; poi (in trad. it.: Un arcaismo fonetico di antica latinità nel Bruzio) in Latinità ed ellenismo nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia. Studi e ricerche dalla Magna Grecia alla Grecia italiana, Framasud, Chiaravalle Centrale (Catanzaro) 1985, pp. 73 77. *Rohlfs, G. 1984. Dizionario storico dei cognomi della Sicilia orientale (Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani), Palermo. Rohlfs, G. 1984a. La Sicilia nei secoli, Palermo, Sellerio; rielaborazione di Historische Sprachschichten im modernen Sizilien, (1975). *
Gerhard Rohlfs Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist. He taught Romance languages and literature at the universities in Tübingen and Munich. He was described as an "archeologist of words". Biography Rohlfs was born i ...
, '' Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria'', Longo,
Ravenna Ravenna ( ; , also ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its Fall of Rome, collapse in 476, after which ...
, 1990; * Gerhard Rohlfs, '' Dizionario toponomastico ed Onomastico della Calabria'', Longo,
Ravenna Ravenna ( ; , also ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its Fall of Rome, collapse in 476, after which ...
, 1990; * F. Violi, ''Lessici antropo-toponimici di Bova e Palizzi'', UTE-TEL-B, Bova Marina, 2004.


See also

*
List of Languages of Italy The languages of Italy include Italian, which serves as the country's national language, in its standard and regional forms, as well as numerous local and regional languages, most of which, like Italian, belong to the broader Romance gr ...
*
Sicilian language Sicilian (, ; ) is a Romance languages, Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands. It belongs to the broader Extreme Southern Italian language group (in Italian ). ''Ethnologue'' (see #Ethnologue report ...
*
Calabria Calabria is a Regions of Italy, region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by the region Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian S ...
*
Magna Graecia Magna Graecia refers to the Greek-speaking areas of southern Italy, encompassing the modern Regions of Italy, Italian regions of Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania, and Sicily. These regions were Greek colonisation, extensively settled by G ...
* Theme of Sicily


References


External links


330 Calabrian verbs cross-referenced into English and Italian

Calabrian phrasing (page in Italian)



"Siciliano: Lingua o dialetto?"
in
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Calabrian Dialects Italo-Dalmatian languages Extreme Southern Italian dialects Articles containing video clips Neapolitan language