High-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP, also known as CLIP-Seq) is a

genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ...

-wide means of mapping

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respon ...

–

RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydra ...

binding sites or RNA modification sites

in vivo Studies that are ''in vivo'' (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and ...

. HITS-CLIP was originally used to generate genome-wide protein-RNA interaction maps for the neuron-specific

RNA-binding protein RNA-binding proteins (often abbreviated as RBPs) are proteins that bind to the double or single stranded RNA in cells and participate in forming ribonucleoprotein complexes. RBPs contain various structural motifs, such as RNA recognition moti ...

and splicing factor NOVA1 and NOVA2; since then a number of other splicing factor maps have been generated, including those for PTB, RbFox2, SFRS1, hnRNP C, and even N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modifications. HITS-CLIP of the RNA-binding protein Argonaute has been performed for the identification of microRNA targets by decoding

microRNA MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides. Found in plants, animals and some viruses, miRNAs are involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. m ...

-mRNA and protein-RNA interaction maps in mouse brain, and subsequently in ''

Caenorhabditis elegans ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' (r ...

'', embryonic stem cells and tissue culture cells. As a novel modification of HITS-CLIP, m6A-CLIP was developed to precisely map N6-Methyladenosine(m6A) locations in mRNA by UV-crosslinking m6A antibody to the target RNA. Recently, improved

bioinformatics Bioinformatics () is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, in particular when the data sets are large and complex. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combin ...

applied to Argonaute HITS-CLIP enables identification of binding sites with single nucleotide resolution.

Similar methods

PAR-CLIP PAR-CLIP (photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation) is a biochemistry, biochemical method for identifying the binding sites of cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein compl ...

, for identifying the binding sites of cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes (miRNPs) in tissue culture cells.

References

External links

CLIPSim-MC
CLIPSim-MC is a tool that uses CLIP-seq data to find

miRNA MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides. Found in plants, animals and some viruses, miRNAs are involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miR ...

/MRE pairings using a Monte-Carlo-based approach.
starBase database
a database for exploring miRNA-mRNA, miRNA- lncRNA, miRNA- sncRNA, miRNA- circRNA, miRNA-

pseudogene Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by DNA duplication or indirectly by reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are ...

, protein- lncRNA, protein-RNA interactions and ceRNA networks from HITS-CLIP ( CLIP-Seq, PAR-CLIP, iCLIP, CLASH) data, and '
TargetScan
'', PicTar, RNA22, miRanda and PITA microRNA target sites.
clipz
a pipeline to analyze short RNA reads from HITS-CLIP experiments.
dCLIP
dCLIP is a Perl program for discovering differential binding regions in two comparative CLIP-Seq (HITS-CLIP, PAR-CLIP or iCLIP) experiments. {{DEFAULTSORT:Hits-Clip RNA Molecular genetics MicroRNA