Bar-breasted Piculet

The bar-breasted piculet (''Picumnus aurifrons'') is a species of bird in subfamily Picumninae of the woodpecker family Picidae.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022 It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022

Taxonomy and systematics

The bar-breasted piculet has seven subspecies:

*''P. a. aurifrons'' Pelzeln, 1870
*''P. a. transfasciatus'' Hellmayr & Gyldenstolpe, 1937
*''P. a. borbae'' Pelzeln, 1870
*''P. a. wallacii'' Hargitt, 1889
*''P. a. purusianus'' Todd, 1946
*''P. a. flavifrons'' Hargitt, 1889
*''P. a. juruanus'' Gyldenstolpe, 1941

Subspecies ''P. a. borbae'' and ''P. a. wallacii'' have at times been treated as individual species, with ''P. a. juruanus'' as a subspecies of ''borbae''.

Description

The bar-breasted piculet is the smallest extant species in the highly diverse woodpecker family. A typical adult is about long and weighs . Males average and females . Among standard measurements, their wing chord is , their tail , their beak , and their tarsus . Adult males of the nominate subspecies ''P. a. aurifrons'' have a black crown with yellow streaks on the forehead and white spots on the rest, and gray-brown cheeks with a whitish line behind the eye. Their upperparts are olive green. The upper surface of their tail is black; the innermost pair of feathers have whitish yellow inner webs and the outer two pairs have a whitish patch near the end. Their chin and throat are whitish with faint dark barring. Their underparts are yellowish white with brown barring on the breast, arrowhead-shaped marks on the sides of the breast and upper belly, and broad brown streaks on the flanks and lower belly. Adult females are identical but for white spots on their entire crown. Juveniles are similar to adults with a browner streaked (not spotted) crown and lighter streaking on the belly.Winkler, H., D. A. Christie, and A. Bonan (2020). Bar-breasted Piculet (''Picumnus aurifrons''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.babpic1.01 retrieved January 8, 2023

Subspecies ''P. a. purusianus'' has darker upperparts than the nominate and heavier, black, barring on the breast. ''P. a. flavifrons'' is similar to ''purusianus'' but has faint barring on the upperparts, less heavy breast barring, and a heavily spotted belly. ''P. a. wallacii'' has obscure barring on its upperparts and paler underparts with fainter streaking and more spots than the previous two. ''P. a. transfasciatus'' has heavy barring on its upperparts and breast. ''P. a. borbae'' has red streaks on its forehead and a yellower belly than the nominate with stronger black barring on the breast. ''P. a. juruanus'' has reddish orange streaks on its forehead but much weaker barring on its breast than ''borbae''.

Distribution and habitat

The bar-breasted piculet is a bird of the Amazon Basin. The subspecies are found thus:

*''P. a. aurifrons'', the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso between the Madeira and Tapajós rivers
*''P. a. transfasciatus'', Brazil between the Tapajós and Tocantins rivers
*''P. a. borbae'', Brazil between the Madeira and Tapajós rivers south of ''aurifrons''
*''P. a. wallacii'', Brazil between the middle and lower Purus River and the lower Madeira River
*''P. a. purusianus'', Brazil along the upper Purus River
*''P. a. flavifrons'', northeastern Peru and western Brazil along the Solimões (Upper Amazon) River
*''P. a. juruanus'', eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and western Brazil to the upper Juruá River

The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society extends the range of ''P. a. flavifrons'' into southeastern Colombia.

The bar-breasted piculet primarily inhabits the edges and clearings of humid tropical '' terra firme'' forest. It also occurs in '' várzea'' forest and secondary forest. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to .

Behavior

Movement

The bar-breasted piculet is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding

Little is known about the bar-breasted piculet's foraging strategy, though it appears to prefer the upper canopy. Its diet has not been detailed; it is assumed to be insects and is known to include insect larvae.

Breeding

The bar-breasted piculet's breeding season appears to be from June to November. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.

Vocalization

The bar-breasted piculet's call has been described as "tsirrrit-tsit-tsit" and "extr. high, very thin 'see-see-suw'."

Status

The IUCN has assessed the bar-breasted piculet as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It seems "to be at best uncommon, but possibly overlooked." It occurs in at least two protected areas in Peru.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1272687

bar-breasted piculet
Birds of the Amazon Basin
bar-breasted piculet
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot