thermofluids Thermofluids is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields: *Heat transfer *Thermodynamics *Fluid mechanics *Combustion The term is a combination of "thermo", referring to heat, and "fluids", which refers to liquids ...

dynamics, the bulk temperature, or the average bulk

temperature Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses quantitatively the perceptions of hotness and coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on ...

in the thermal fluid, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in

pipes Pipe(s), PIPE(S) or piping may refer to: Objects * Pipe (fluid conveyance), a hollow cylinder following certain dimension rules ** Piping, the use of pipes in industry * Smoking pipe ** Tobacco pipe * Half-pipe and quarter pipe, semi-circul ...

and ducts. The concept of the bulk temperature is that adiabatic mixing of the fluid from a given cross section of the duct will result in some equilibrium temperature that accurately reflects the average temperature of the moving fluid, more so than a simple average like the film temperature. Kreith, Frank, and Bohn, Mark S. ''Principles of Heat Transfer, Sixth Edition.'' Brooks/Cole: Pacific Grove, CA, 2001.

References

Continuum mechanics Heat transfer Temperature {{thermodynamics-stub