British Insulated Callender's Cables (BICC) was a major British cable manufacturer and construction company of the 20th century. It has been renamed after its former subsidiary
Balfour Beatty
Balfour Beatty plc () is an international infrastructure group based in the United Kingdom with capabilities in construction services, support services and infrastructure investments. A constituent of the FTSE 250 Index, the company is active ac ...
.
BICC was created via the merger of two long established cable firms, ''Callender's Cable & Construction Company'' and ''British Insulated Cables'', in 1945. It promptly set about expanding both its product lines and international presence; the latter was augmented by a series of acquisitions, which included the British businesses Pyrotenax Ltd, Power Securities, and
Balfour Beatty
Balfour Beatty plc () is an international infrastructure group based in the United Kingdom with capabilities in construction services, support services and infrastructure investments. A constituent of the FTSE 250 Index, the company is active ac ...
, along with a variety of interests in
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...
,
Spain
Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
,
East Germany
East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was a country in Central Europe from Foundation of East Germany, its formation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its reunification with West Germany (FRG) on ...
and
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
. During the late 1970s, BICC employed roughly 10,800 staff in manufacturing roles alone; overseas activities had come to comprise roughly half of all
turnover generated by this time. Manufacturing sites included
Erith
Erith () is an area in south-east London, England, east of Charing Cross. Before the creation of Greater London in 1965, it was in the historical county of Kent. Since 1965 it has formed part of the London Borough of Bexley. It lies north ...
,
Prescot
Prescot is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies about to the east of Liverpool city centre. At the 2001 Census, the civil parish population was 11,184 (5,265 males, 5,919 femal ...
,
Kirkby
Kirkby ( ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside, England. The town, Historic counties of England, historically in Lancashire, has a size of is north of Huyton and north-east of Liverpool. The population in 2016 wa ...
,
Leyton
Leyton ( ) is a town in East London, England, within the London Borough of Waltham Forest. It borders Walthamstow to the north, Leytonstone to the east, and Stratford to the south, with Clapton, Hackney Wick and Homerton, across the Ri ...
,
Helsby,
Leigh
Leigh may refer to:
Places In England
Pronounced :
* Leigh, Greater Manchester, Borough of Wigan
** Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)
* Leigh-on-Sea, Essex
Pronounced :
* Leigh, Dorset
* Leigh, Gloucestershire
* Leigh, Kent
* Leigh, Staffor ...
,
Melling,
Wrexham
Wrexham ( ; ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in the North East Wales, north-east of Wales. It lies between the Cambrian Mountains, Welsh mountains and the lower River Dee, Wales, Dee Valley, near the England–Wales border, borde ...
,
Blackley
Blackley is a suburban area of Manchester, in the county of Greater Manchester, England. Historically in Lancashire, it is approximately north of Manchester city centre, on the River Irk.
History
The hamlet of Blackley was mentioned in the Do ...
,
Belfast
Belfast (, , , ; from ) is the capital city and principal port of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan and connected to the open sea through Belfast Lough and the North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland), North Channel ...
and
Huyton
Huyton ( ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside, England. Part of the Liverpool Urban Area, Liverpool Built-up Area, it borders the Liverpool suburbs of Dovecot, Merseyside, Dovecot, Knotty Ash and Netherley, Liverpool, ...
.
During the 1980s, the company came under increasing competitive pressure which, despite an intense focus on driving up employee productivity and high workplace standards, eventually resulted in factory closures and job losses. The 1990s led to sweeping changes being enacted, which included the sale of its housebuilding interests and the divestment of its telecommunications and power cables activities onto other parties. In early 2000, in the aftermath of its cable operations being sold, BICC renamed itself ''Balfour Beatty'' in early 2000 and has since focused on construction, management, financing and design activities amongst others.
History
Background
Callender's Cable & Construction Company was founded by William Ormiston Callender in 1870.
It was originally an importer and refiner of
bitumen
Bitumen ( , ) is an immensely viscosity, viscous constituent of petroleum. Depending on its exact composition, it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In American Engl ...
for road construction but began manufacturing insulated cables at their
Erith
Erith () is an area in south-east London, England, east of Charing Cross. Before the creation of Greater London in 1965, it was in the historical county of Kent. Since 1965 it has formed part of the London Borough of Bexley. It lies north ...
site on the Thames in the 1880s.
[ It played a significant role in construction of the British National Grid in the 1930s, building the 132 kV crossing of the Thames at ]Dagenham
Dagenham () is a town in East London, England, within the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Dagenham is centred east of Charing Cross.
It was historically a rural parish in the Becontree Hundred of Essex, stretching from Hainault Fo ...
with overhead lines spanning 3060 feet (932m) between two 487 ft (148m) towers, and allowing 250 ft (76m) clearance for shipping. Callender's research and engineering laboratories were based at a former power station site in White City, London, close to Ormiston House, where the company's founder had lived.
''British Insulated Cables'', originally trading as the ''British Insulated Wire Company'', was founded at Prescot
Prescot is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies about to the east of Liverpool city centre. At the 2001 Census, the civil parish population was 11,184 (5,265 males, 5,919 femal ...
, near Liverpool
Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...
in 1890. It bought the rights to a paper-insulated power cable capable of transmitting electricity at 10,000 volts, for use at Deptford Power Station, from Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti.[ Thefirm went on to acquire the Telegraph Manufacturing Company in 1902 and was renamed British Insulated Cables in 1925.]
Formation, acquisitions, and reorganisation
During 1945, Callender's Cable & Construction Company and British Insulated Cables merged to form ''British Insulated Callender's Cables'' (BICC) in 1945. At the time of its formation, the business was largely focused within the British market; however, it expanded into mainland Europe and beyond during the subsequent decades. In 1975, the company was rebranded as ''BICC''.[
During the early 1950s, BICC opted to start production of mineral insulated cable; the first sales of the product were recorded in 1955.][ Its principal British competitor in this market, ''Pyrotenax Ltd'', was acquired by BICC in 1966, although it was not fully integrated until 1976. During the acquisition, the firm gave several pricing assurances to British regulators.][
Seeking to accelerate its expansion, BICC completed numerous acquisitions. During 1969, it purchased ''Power Securities'' along with its subsidiary ]Balfour Beatty
Balfour Beatty plc () is an international infrastructure group based in the United Kingdom with capabilities in construction services, support services and infrastructure investments. A constituent of the FTSE 250 Index, the company is active ac ...
. The firm's purchase of both Spanish and Portuguese companies developed BICC's presence in both South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
and multiple parts of Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
. However, BICC's investments in former East Germany
East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was a country in Central Europe from Foundation of East Germany, its formation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its reunification with West Germany (FRG) on ...
and Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
would prove to be disastrous, contributing to the wider business' poor fiscal condition at a time at which the margins across all areas of its core cable-making businesses was encountering increasing commercial pressure.[
Management sought to implement the best standards in the industry, as well as to achieve a higher level of productivity than any of its global competitors.][ To this end, BICC embarked on a series of major investment projects, constructing several entirely new factories while most of its existing works were heavily re-structured. By the end of 1977, the firm employed around 10,800 staff in the manufacturing of its core products.][ BICC also provided generous discounts to ]wholesaler
Wholesaling or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers (wholesale businesses) and related subordinated services. In ...
s, which were responsible for a large proportion of the company's sales.[
In 1974, BICC was recording a turnover of £782 million across the whole group, 52 per cent of which was attributed to the activities of its overseas companies and its exports from the British market.][ By this point, which the firm's principal activity was cablemaking, the other activities and business sectors that BICC had diversified into was accounting for an increasing proportion of its total sales. In January 1975, BICC Group was reorganised into four main companies: BICC Cables Ltd, BICC Industrial Products Ltd, BICC International Ltd and Balfour, Beatty & Co Ltd.][
During the 1970s, the firm had British-based works at ]Erith
Erith () is an area in south-east London, England, east of Charing Cross. Before the creation of Greater London in 1965, it was in the historical county of Kent. Since 1965 it has formed part of the London Borough of Bexley. It lies north ...
, Prescot
Prescot is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies about to the east of Liverpool city centre. At the 2001 Census, the civil parish population was 11,184 (5,265 males, 5,919 femal ...
, Kirkby
Kirkby ( ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside, England. The town, Historic counties of England, historically in Lancashire, has a size of is north of Huyton and north-east of Liverpool. The population in 2016 wa ...
, Leyton
Leyton ( ) is a town in East London, England, within the London Borough of Waltham Forest. It borders Walthamstow to the north, Leytonstone to the east, and Stratford to the south, with Clapton, Hackney Wick and Homerton, across the Ri ...
, Helsby, Leigh
Leigh may refer to:
Places In England
Pronounced :
* Leigh, Greater Manchester, Borough of Wigan
** Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)
* Leigh-on-Sea, Essex
Pronounced :
* Leigh, Dorset
* Leigh, Gloucestershire
* Leigh, Kent
* Leigh, Staffor ...
, Melling, Wrexham
Wrexham ( ; ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in the North East Wales, north-east of Wales. It lies between the Cambrian Mountains, Welsh mountains and the lower River Dee, Wales, Dee Valley, near the England–Wales border, borde ...
, Blackley
Blackley is a suburban area of Manchester, in the county of Greater Manchester, England. Historically in Lancashire, it is approximately north of Manchester city centre, on the River Irk.
History
The hamlet of Blackley was mentioned in the Do ...
, Belfast
Belfast (, , , ; from ) is the capital city and principal port of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan and connected to the open sea through Belfast Lough and the North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland), North Channel ...
and Huyton
Huyton ( ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside, England. Part of the Liverpool Urban Area, Liverpool Built-up Area, it borders the Liverpool suburbs of Dovecot, Merseyside, Dovecot, Knotty Ash and Netherley, Liverpool, ...
(now Hi-Wire Ltd) producing electric power cables, telecommunications cables and metals. BICC's (originally Callender's) research and engineering laboratories at a former power station site in White City, London was close to Ormiston House, William Ormiston Callender's house of the 1870s. In 1988, the research and engineering facilities moved to new premises at the company's Wrexham
Wrexham ( ; ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in the North East Wales, north-east of Wales. It lies between the Cambrian Mountains, Welsh mountains and the lower River Dee, Wales, Dee Valley, near the England–Wales border, borde ...
and Helsby sites. Several of BICC's manufacturing sites were also shuttered during the 1970s and 1980s.[
]
Divestments and reorientation
In January 1991, British Copper Refiners, a subsidiary of BICC, announced the closure of the Prescot plant, which resulted in the loss of 230 jobs. The site lay derelict for some years before being redeveloped into a retail park.
During the early 1990s, BICC purchased the housebuilder Clarke Homes. However, this acquisition came barely one year prior to a collapse of the housing market. By the middle of the 1990s, sales were down to only five hundred per year, and although no financial figures were ever published, the housing operation was believed to have suffered heavy losses. BICC opted to dispose of Clarke Homes, selling it to Westbury during 1995.
During 1999, BICC completed two major divestments; its remaining stake in telecommunications cables (both optical and metallic) was sold to Corning for $70 million, while its power cables businesses was acquired by General Cable in exchange for £275 million ($445 million).
BICC also owned construction company Balfour Beatty
Balfour Beatty plc () is an international infrastructure group based in the United Kingdom with capabilities in construction services, support services and infrastructure investments. A constituent of the FTSE 250 Index, the company is active ac ...
and, following the sale of its cable operations, BICC renamed itself ''Balfour Beatty'' in early 2000. Beyond the name change, the company's business strategy shifted considerably; beyond focusing on the construction of infrastructure projects, Balfour Beatty diversified into the financing, operation, design and management functions as well.
During 2002, Pirelli
Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational tyre manufacturer based in the city of Milan, Italy. The company, which has been listed on the Borsa Italiana since 1922, is the 5th-largest tyre manufacturer, and is focused on the consumer pro ...
, who had acquired the Erith plant from General Cable, announced the closure of part of the site and the transfer of the production of oil-filled cable to their Eastleigh works in Hampshire
Hampshire (, ; abbreviated to Hants.) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South East England. It is bordered by Berkshire to the north, Surrey and West Sussex to the east, the Isle of Wight across the Solent to the south, ...
.
In 2020, the BICC Cables name continued in use at the former BICC Egypt power cable plant in Giza
Giza (; sometimes spelled ''Gizah, Gizeh, Geeza, Jiza''; , , ' ) is the third-largest city in Egypt by area after Cairo and Alexandria; and fourth-largest city in Africa by population after Kinshasa, Lagos, and Cairo. It is the capital of ...
.
Callender's Cableworks Band
This was an amateur brass band, active between 1898 and 1961, of which all members were employees of Callender's at Erith. They rehearsed and performed in their leisure time, while the company in its role of patron lent its name and supplied uniforms and instruments. The band broadcast prolifically on BBC Radio
BBC Radio is an operational business division and service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. The service provides national radio stations cove ...
in the 1920s and 1930s.
See also
* Callender-Hamilton bridge
References
Further reading
* R.M. Morgan, 1982, ''Callenders 1882-1945'', BICC plc.
External links
National Museums Liverpool Archives Department Information sheet 63 - British Insulated Callenders Cables PLC
*
{{Authority control
Cable manufacture in London
British companies established in 1945
Companies based in Kent
Wire and cable manufacturers
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2000
Industry on the River Thames
1945 establishments in England
2000 disestablishments in England
Structural steel
Manufacturing companies established in 1945
British companies disestablished in 2000
Electrical engineering companies of the United Kingdom