Brahmagupta's interpolation formula

Brahmagupta's interpolation formula is a second-order polynomial interpolation formula developed by the Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) in the early 7th century CE. The Sanskrit couplet describing the formula can be found in the supplementary part of ''Khandakadyaka'' a work of Brahmagupta completed in 665 CE. The same couplet appears in Brahmagupta's earlier ''Dhyana-graha-adhikara'', which was probably written "near the beginning of the second quarter of the 7th century CE, if not earlier." Brahmagupta was the one of the first to describe and use an interpolation formula using second-order differences.

Brahmagupta's interpolation formula is equivalent to modern-day second-order Newton–Stirling interpolation formula.

Mathematicians prior to Brahmagupta used a simple linear interpolation formula. The linear interpolation formula to compute is

: $f(a)=f_r+ t D_r$ where $t=\frac$.

For the computation of , Brahmagupta replaces with another expression which gives more accurate values and which amounts to using a second-order interpolation formula.

Brahmagupta's description of the scheme

In Brahmagupta's terminology the difference is the ''gatakhanda'', meaning ''past difference'' or the difference that was crossed over, the difference is the ''bhogyakhanda'' which is the ''difference yet to come''. ''Vikala'' is the amount in minutes by which the interval has been covered at the point where we want to interpolate. In the present notations it is . The new expression which replaces is called ''sphuta-bhogyakhanda''. The description of ''sphuta-bhogyakhanda'' is contained in the following Sanskrit couplet (''Dhyana-Graha-Upadesa-Adhyaya, 17; Khandaka Khadyaka, IX, 8''):

This has been translated using Bhattolpala's (10th century CE) commentary as follows:

:Multiply the ''vikala'' by the half the difference of the ''gatakhanda'' and the ''bhogyakhanda'' and divide the product by 900. Add the result to half the sum of the ''gatakhanda'' and the ''bhogyakhanda'' if their half-sum is less than the ''bhogyakhanda'', subtract if greater. (The result in each case is ''sphuta-bhogyakhanda'' the correct tabular difference.)

This formula was originally stated for the computation of the values of the sine function for which the common interval in the underlying base table was 900 minutes or 15 degrees. So the reference to 900 is in fact a reference to the common interval .

In modern notation

Brahmagupta's method computation of ''shutabhogyakhanda'' can be formulated in modern notation as follows:

:''sphuta-bhogyakhanda'' $\displaystyle = \frac \pm t\frac.$

The ± sign is to be taken according to whether is less than or greater than , or equivalently, according to whether or . Brahmagupta's expression can be put in the following form:

:''sphuta-bhogyakhanda'' $\displaystyle = \frac + t\frac.$

This correction factor yields the following approximate value for :

: $\begin f(a) & = f_r + t\times\text\\ & = f_r + t \frac + t^2\frac. \end$

This is Stirling's interpolation formula truncated at the second-order differences. It is not known how Brahmagupta arrived at his interpolation formula. Brahmagupta has given a separate formula for the case where the values of the independent variable are not equally spaced.

See also

* Brahmagupta's identity
* Brahmagupta matrix
* Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity

References

{{reflist

Interpolation
Indian mathematics
History of mathematics