Bradfield, Essex

Bradfield is a village and civil parish near Manningtree, Essex, England. It is located about west of Harwich in the north of Essex on the River Stour. It is on the B1352 road between Manningtree and Harwich, a former coaching route. Within the parish, Bradfield and the hamlet of Bradwell Heath form a "complex and substantial linear settlement", as described by Tendring District Council in 2006.

History

There are signs of people living in the parish area since the Neolithic era. A polished Neolithic stone axe head was found on Bradfield Heath in 1955, while other tools were found by local archaeologist Samuel Hazzledine Warren. Finds dating from the Bronze Age include a macehead, crop marks and ring ditches that suggest occupation. Although no Roman settlement has been found, occupation in the area has been evidenced by a beehive quern-stone, and pieces of Roman brick and tile within the fabric of St. Lawrence's church.

The village is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and was in the ownership of Aluric Camp (alternatively spelt Aelfric Kemp) at time of the Norman Conquest. The village at that time was called ''Bradefelda'', which was Old English for "Broad Stretch of Open Land", but has alternatively been named ''Bradefeld'', ''Bradefeld by Manytre'', ''Bradefeud'' and ''Bradeford''. There was a further hamlet called ''Manestuna'' (later called ''Maneston'' which means hamlet), the site of modern-day Jacques Hall, which was held by Alfelmus before the conquest. By the time of the Domesday Book of 1086, the village had transferred to two owners, Roger of Raismes and Roger of Poitou, via the manors of Bradfield and Manestuna, and had 22 households, putting it within the largest 40% of settlements recorded. The village may have been closer to the manor at Nether Hall or the church and have been dispersed in nature.

The oldest building in the village is the tower of St. Lawrence's church: parts of this date from the 12th century. The misalignment of the tower with the nave leads experts to believe the tower was added to an earlier Anglo-Saxon church on the site. In 1312, Bradfield Hall manor passed to William Franke, who in 1320 received a Royal Charter to hold a market in the village, but by 1848 the market was no longer operational. The hall passed to the Raynsford family by marriage in 1397, and in 1482 Sir John Raynsford was born there. The Hall was rebuilt by the Raynsfords in 1500 and was visited by Henry VIII in 1548, but by 1568 the Hall had come under the ownership of the Grimston family. Sir Harbottle Grimston, 1st Baronet was born at the Hall in 1569. Bradfield Heath, to the west of the church, was one of the heathlands that marked the northerly border of the medieval Royal Forest of Essex and this was still shown on Chapman and André's 1777 Map of Essex as being open land. During the 19th century, the heath had started to be enclosed, and houses were scattered around the former heathland, marking the start of the creation of the hamlet. However, in the late 18th century during after the declaration of war by Napoleonic France, a military camp was set up on the heath.

In 1854, Bradfield railway station opened on the Mayflower Line, with just two through platforms. It had no sidings for working local goods traffic, which was the normal scenario in rural East Anglia. Ten years later, there was an accident at Bradfield, in which the engine left the track and dragged the carriages down the embankment. A year earlier, in 1863, local businessman Robert Free of Mistley put forward plans to parliament to build a new railway, the Mistley, Thorpe and Walton Railway, which would have gone though the parish at Bradfield. The project was authorised, but had failed by 1869. The only remaining structure on the planned line is a bridge, on the Mistley/Bradfield parish boundary. The station itself closed in 1956.

The parish was part of Tendring Hundred, and from 1834, part of the Tendring Poor Law Union. In 1808 it gained a Wesleyan Methodist chapel, while in 1840 it gained a Primitive Methodist chapel. By 1901, the village and the heath were connected by new properties built along The Street, and in 1919 Sir Harris Dunning of Jacques Hall had demolished the former Plough Inn public house to build the village's War Memorial. In 1955, the Bradfield Hall built by the Raynsford family was demolished. Until recently, the parish was served by two pubs; however in January 2025 it was announced that the Stranglers Home was closing, while in May 2025, it was announced that the parish's other pub, The Village Maid, was up for sale.

Geology

The bedrock geology in the area has been mapped by the British Geological Survey
(BGS) as clays, silts and sands of the Thames Group, formed in estuarine or marine
environments during the Palaeogene period. The soil is similar to the fine loam of East Norfolk, but is much stiffer and harder to manage. The soil is acidic, and survival of bone is poor, but other archaeological material has been preserved, such as flint artefacts, ceramics, building materials and metal.

Governance

Parliamentary seat

Bradfield comes under the Harwich and North Essex Parliamentary constituency, which Bernard Jenkin of the Conservative Party has held since its creation in 2010.

Prior to being in the Harwich and North Essex Parliamentary constituency, Bradfield parish sat within the following constituencies:

Local government

Bradfield sits within the non-metropolitan county of Essex, governed by Essex County Council; and the non-Metropolitan district of Tendring, which is governed by Tendring District Council. The village was until 2024 in the Tendring district ward of Bradfield, Wrabness and Wix. However, in 2019, Bradfield became part of the new Stour Valley ward.

The lowest level of local government is provided by Bradfield parish council.

Demographics

Population

The population of the parish has been recorded at official Census points as:

Ethnicity

At the 2021 census, the parish population was recorded as having the following breakdown of ethnicity:

Age Groups

The population of 1,253 at the 2021 census fell into the following age groups:

Economics and Education

The employment activity within the parish was recorded at the 2021 census as:

In the 2021 census it was recorded that the working population in the parish completed the following hours per week:

For those who did work, the breakdown at the 2021 census of the distance people travelled to work or worked from home was:

At the 2021 census, those of the parish population over the age of 16 had the following qualifications:

Economy

Bradfield had been primarily an agricultural economy. In the census of 1801, it was shown that of the 582 inhabitants of the parish, 474 of them were involved in agriculture with only 80 people recorded as working in manufacturing or handicraft. The parish was once home to two windmills, while there was a steam mill at Bradwell Hall. Agricultural trade was moved by wharf set up on the River Stour, while evidence of a decoy at Jacques Hall indicates that there was also wild fowling in the parish. Since 2006, the parish has been grouped together with Manningtree, Wix and Mistley as part of Tendring District Council's Employment studies. The 2006 study showed that the largest employment sectors within the area were Health & Social Care and Transport and Communications. The parish is served by a post office which includes a convenience store.

Services

Education

The village has a primary school, Bradfield Primary School in Heath Road.

Health

The village does not have a doctors surgery and its nearest hospital with an emergency department is Colchester Hospital, while other services are offered at Fryatt Memorial Hospital in Harwich.

Police & Fire Brigade

Essex Police is the local constabulary, with the parish coming under the Harwich and Manningtree neighbourhood team, with the nearest stations at Clacton-on-Sea or Colchester. The nearest fire station is at Manningtree and is an on-call service provided by Essex County Fire and Rescue Service.

Recreation

The parish has a recreation ground and allotments run by a charity, while there is also a Village Hall.

Buildings and structures

Bradfield parish has seventeen buildings and structures that are listed on the National Heritage List for England. An area around St. Lawrence church is a local designated conservation area.

St. Lawrence Church is the oldest building the parish. The building is Grade II listed with the earliest parts of the structure dating from the 12th century. Within the building, one of the windows commemorates Edwin Harris Dunning, the first pilot to land an aircraft on a moving ship, while there is a further memorial within the north transept. His grave lies in the churchyard, next to his parents. The church also has a monument in the chantry to the Agassiz family, while there are tablets in memorial to members of both the Grimston and Unfreville families.

Jacques Hall is a 19th-century house, rebuilt on the site of a previous hall in red brick with Dutch Gables. The property was converted to a special school in 1988 but closed down in 2011. In 2014, planning permission was refused to turn Jacques Hall into a house of multiple occupancy by Tendring District Council.

Listed buildings and structures

Notable people

* Sir John Raynsford (1482 – 1559), politician, MP for Colchester and High Sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire for 1537–38.
* Sir Harbottle Grimston, 1st Baronet ( – 1648), politician, MP for Harwich, Knight of the shire for Essex and High Sheriff of Essex.
*Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet (1603–1685), politician, Speaker of the House in 1660.
* Squadron Commander Edwin Harris Dunning (1892–1917), First pilot to land an aircraft on a moving ship. Lived at Jacques Hall prior to joining the navy. Buried at St. Lawrence church with his mother.

References

External links

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Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring
Conservation areas in England