Borja is a settlement in the Datem del Marañón Province of the

Loreto Region Loreto () is Peru's northernmost department and region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest department, slightly smaller than Japan; it is also one of the most sparsely populated regions due to ...

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

. The hamlet is located on the banks of the Marañón River at an elevation of . In 2017 the population was 329. Established in 1619, Borja was one of the first settlements of Spanish colonists in the

Amazon Amazon most often refers to: * Amazon River, in South America * Amazon rainforest, a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin * Amazon (company), an American multinational technology company * Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek myth ...

lowlands of Peru. Borja became a

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mission of the

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in 1638. Because of European diseases and enslavement of the indigenous Maina and other ethnic groups, the population of Borja and its vicinity declined from about 3,000 in 1638 to a few hundred by the late 18th century.

History

The first Spaniard known to have been in the Borja region was Juan de Salinas y Loyola who came this way in 1557, floating down the Marañón River through the tumultuous waters of the Pongo de Manseriche, a water gap, that marks the end of the

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highlands and the beginning of the flat, forested upper

Amazon Basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributary, tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries ...

. The site of Borja is past the Pongo and was inhabited at that time by the Mainas people, one of many ethnic groups living in the region. In 1619, the settlement of Borja was founded by Diego Baca de Vega from Loja,

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. It was one of the first Spanish settlements in the lowlands of the Amazon Basin. Borja was named for the viceroy of Peru, Francisco de Borja y Aragón. The indigenous population of the Borja region was the Maina people who numbered at that time three or four thousand. Twenty-one Spaniards and mestizos were awarded encomiendas (a right to compel the labor of the indigenous people) by the colonial government and forced the indigenous people (Indians or ''Indios'') to work on Spanish farms. Many of the Maina died of disease or overwork or escaped the encomiendas. In 1635, the Maina revolted and were severely repressed. When Jesuit missionaries arrived in 1638 the population consisted of about 2,800 Maina and other ethnic groups and about 200 Spaniards, including a small military garrison. Borja was the Spanish administrative center of a region that was called Mainas. The population of Borja was only sustained by frequent expeditions into the jungle by the missionaries, soldiers, and Christian Indians to capture Maina and other peoples and force them to return to or settle in Borja. Nevertheless, the population continued to decline and in 1661 was only 1,000. In 1776, the population was 263 indigenous people and 152 Spanish and mestizos. Jesuit missionaries established missions among a multitude of different ethnic groups in an area as large as

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. Most of the missions they established were ephemeral. Borja was isolated. Links with the highland areas of Peru were often through the town of Jaen, southwest in straight line distance. In 1743, travel between the two settlements still required, at the most favorable times, four days by road and 2 and one-half days floating down the Marañón, passing through the dangerous Pongo. In times of high water, the river was not navigable, and Borja was isolated. Borja produced small amounts of

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and achiote for trade with Jaen.

References

{{Coord, 4.470, S, 77.548, W, region:PE-TM_type:city(80000), display=title Populated places in the Department of Loreto 1619 establishments in the Spanish Empire History of Indigenous peoples of South America Spanish missions in South America Jesuit history in South America Spanish colonization of the Americas Jesuit missions